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32m  /  105' | camper & nicholsons | 1900 / 1987.

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An Introduction to Ship Types During the Age of Sail

There were many different types of ships during the Age of Sail, and all were defined based on their size, the number of masts they had, the shape of their hull and their rigging (the size and shape of sails arranged on however many masts). Not all types of rigging are mutually exclusive. For example, the descriptor “ fore-and-aft  rigged” is very general, denoting only that all the sails run parallel to the centerline of the vessel. It is possible for a ship to be “ fore-and-aft  rigged” with many different shapes of sails (triangular, trapezoid, etc.), which would further narrow down the type of ship.

The two most important words to help you understand the following definitions are  bow  and  stern . For the purposes of the geography of any ship, the bow is the front and the stern is the back. They are roughly equal to the terms  fore  and  aft , with  fore  meaning “towards the bow” and  aft  meaning “towards the stern”. (This is probably an oversimplification but it will get you through which is the important thing!)

|A|   |B|   |C|   |D|   |E|   |F|   |G|   |H|   |I|   |J|   |K|   |L|   |M|   |N|   |O|   |P|   |Q|   |R|   |S|   |T|   |U|   |V| |W|   |X|   |Y|   |Z| A

|Return To Top|

A small single-masted sailing vessel, used in the 15th and 16th centuries.

baltimore clipper

A two-masted  fore-and-aft  schooner-like ship also carrying square sails on the  foremast  and often used in the role of a blockade-runner or privateer. The masts were set at extreme angles, as it was believed at the time to provide for better speed. Baltimore clippers were also used to transport prospectors and settlers from the East Coast to the West Coast during the California gold-rush.

barca-longa

A two- or three-masted Mediterranean vessel carrying  lugsails .

barque longue

A relatively small 17th century two-masted  square-rigged  sailing vessel best known for its use by early Fench explorers.

A 17th century long and narrow ship’s boat, rowed by 10 to 20 oars, often used to transport senior officers.

A vessel  square-rigged  on all but the aftermost mast, which is  fore-and-aft  rigged. Also spelled  Barque . Most were three-masted, some were four- or five-masted vessels. Before the mid 18th century the term  Barque  was also often used for any three-masted vessel not fitting any other accepted nomenclature or category.

A sailing ship with from three to five masts of which only the  foremast  is  square-rigged , the others all being  fore-and-aft  rigged. Also spelled  Barquentine .

A small two-masted merchant sailing ship, similar to a brigantine, used mainly on Dutch coastal routes and canals. Rarely larger than 100 tons  burthen . She carried a  fore-and-aft  lateen main-sail bent to a yard hanging at about 45 degrees to the mast

An ancient Greek or Roman war galley propelled by two tiers of oars on each side.

A small open vessel for travel on water by rowing or sailing.

In the age of sail, boats were essential equipment on any ship. Used as a , for shore landing parties, towing, warping, rescue missions, patrols, escape from mutiny, to mention only a few purposes. Boats came in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on time-period and function: barges, cutters, dinghies, gigs, launches, longboats, pinnaces, shallops, skiffs and yawls.

A small single-masted Dutch vessel with an extreme rounded stern and bow, normally carrying . It had a very shallow draft but a relatively tall mast, limiting its use to inland canals, rivers and lakes.

bomb vessel

Developed by the French to battle the Barbary corsairs, these vessels used high trajectory mortars instead of conventional guns. The hull was strengthened to take the weight of one or more mortars and the  foremast  was completely omitted. Late 18th century bomb vessels would have had a full three-masted rig, and were often used for polar expeditions since their hulls were so sturdily built and would hold up better in the ice.

A two-masted vessel,  square-rigged  on both masts. The rear mast carries a  fore-and-aft  boom-sail as well. In the 17th century the term Brig was also used as short for Brigantine, which then could be any variety of two-masted  square-rigged  vessels depending on nation and region.

A two-masted vessel with square sails on the  foremast  and  fore-and-aft  sails on the  mainmast . See also Hermaphrodite Brig. In the 17th century the term Brigantine was also used to describe any variety of small two-masted  square-rigged  vessels.

A relatively large two or sometimes three-masted European sailing vessel dating from the 15th through the 17th century, used mainly for the North-Sea herring fishery. Up to about 200 tons in size.

A long narrow rowboat, similar to a skiff, used in the Middle East and is also the name of a light sailing vessel used in the eastern Mediterranean

A small, light and swift sailboat with a single triangular sail and an outrigger, originating in the East Indies. Also called Proa.

A relatively small but highly manoeuvrable Portuguese vessel of the 15th and 16th centuries setting lateen sails on two or three masts and sometimes a square sail on the  foremast . Each mast increased in size from the one aft of it. When was classified as a ‘caravela latina’, when modified as a  square-rigged  vessel was classified as a ‘caravela redonda’.

A large sailing vessel developed from the earlier cog, in use from the 14th to the 17th century, usually with elevated structures known as castles at the

bow and stern.

A variety of  square-rigged  speed-built merchant ships built between 1790 and 1870. Often thought of as some of the most beautiful and elegant sailing vessels ever built. The three-masted Cutty Sark on display at Greenwich, England may well be the best known of the clippers.

Mediterranean equivalent for the Northern European cog. Introduced to the Mediterranean in the 14th century, a cocca was a one- or two-masted  square-rigged  and vessel. Also  Coca ,  Cocha or  Cocche .

A single-masted vessel used until the 15th century. The Cog originated in Northern Europe and spread throughout the Baltic and to the Mediterranean. The first mention of a cog is from 948 AD in Muiden near Amsterdam. Even though the usual clinker construction limited the ultimate size of a cog, the English chronicler Thomas Walsingham speaks of great cogs in 1331 with three decks and over 500 crew and soldiers. A cog is characterised by high sides, a relatively flat bottom, rounded  bilge  and a single square sail Also  Kog  (Dutch).

A broad beamed and shallow draught merchant sailing ship. They were designed to transport coal between ports. The HMS Bark Endeavour was a Whitby collier.

Smallest of all the three-masted  square-rigged  sailing warships. Used mainly for reconnaissance also called a ‘sloop-of-war’ and could be classified as a small frigate. Armed with 8-22 guns on only one deck.

A small single-masted and slow merchant vessel. Built solely for maximum hold capacity, not for it’s sailing qualities.

A small rounded boat made of hides stretched over a wicker frame; still used in some parts of Great Britain. Also called Coracle.

1. A fast-sailing single-masted vessel usually setting double and used for patrol and dispatch services. Cutters were the ships of choice for English smugglers during the 18th century. The largest were up to 150 tons burden and could carry up to 12 guns. 2. A clinker built ship’s boat used for travel between ship and shore.

A small rowing or sailing boat, often a to a larger vessel.

A sailing vessel that originated in the Middle East. Early dhows were of shell-first construction. Most dhows are known by names referring to their hull shape.

The  ghanjah  is a large vessel with a curved stem and a sloping, often ornately carved .

The  baghlah , was the traditional deep-sea dhow; it had a with five windows and a  poop  deck similar to European galleons.

Double-ended dhows, like the  boom , have both stem and stern posts.

The  battil , featured long stems topped by large, club-shaped stemheads and sternposts decorated with cowrie shells and leather.

The  badan  was a smaller and shallow draught vessel.

A two-masted Dutch fishing-vessel resembling a ketch.

A small, narrow, flat-bottomed and shallow draft boat of between 15 to 20 ft in length, usually with high sides and a sharp prow, propelled by oars. Also spelled  Dorey  (British).

east indiaman

A large and heavily armed European merchantman used for trade between Europe and the East-Indies.

A narrow, swift, sailing vessel used on the Nile and in the Mediterranean.

Sailing warship with 32-44 guns (1779).

A ship or boat that is deliberately set on fire and steered to collide with a larger enemy ship in order to set it on fire and destroy it. Fireships were often used in the 17th century to finish off disabled enemy vessels.

Sailing ‘ship of the line’ warship with 100 or more guns on three gun decks (1779).

The sailing warship carrying the admiral (or fleet commander) and his flag. Normally the most powerful ship in a squadron or fleet.

A classic three-masted,  square-rigged  merchant ship of the 17th century, invented by the Dutch to be economical in operation, carrying the largest cargo and smallest crew possible. It had a wide, balloon-like hull rounding at the stern and bow and a very narrow, high stern. Lightly armed, they were not well-suited for dealing with pirates, privateers or any other armed opposition.

fourth rate

Sailing ‘ship of the line’ warship with 50-60 guns on two gun decks (1779).

A three-masted sailing warship with two full decks, with only one  gun deck . A frigate was armed with between 30 to 44 guns located on the  gun deck  and possibly some on the and  forecastle , used in the 18th and 19th centuries, used for escort, reconnaissance and a myriad of other duties.

A small fast sailing 17th-century shallow-draught flat-bottom Dutch ship mostly used as a coastal merchant vessel. They were also used on occasion as bomb vessels because of their stability and durability.

A large, three-masted galley/galleon hybrid of the 16th and 17th centuries that used both sails and oars. They were powerful warships of the day, very successful at the Battle of Lepanto, 1571.

A  square-rigged , three-masted (or four-masted) sailing ship in use from the 16th to the 18th centuries, particularly by the Spanish and Portuguese but also by most other European nations.

An oared fighting ship used mainly in the Mediterranean from many centuries BC until well into the 18th century. They were also used in the Baltic and by other northern European nations, just not to the same extent and duration as in the Mediterranean.

A galley  a scaloccio  is rowed by groups of three, five or seven men on a bench pulling a single oar, and a galley  ala sensile  has a single rower per oar, possibly two or three men to a bench (a terzaruolo). The top speed of a galley under full-oar has been estimated to be 7 or 8 .

Also Galiot; A light, fast galley formerly used in the Mediterranean.

Either a ship that appears as a ghostly apparition such as the  Flying Dutchman , or a ship which is found floating at sea with no sign of the crew, such as the  Mary Celeste .

1.A two-masted coastal vessel carrying  lugsails . 2.A wide beamed 18th century ship’s boat, often reserved for use by a ship’s captain.

hermaphrodite brig

A two-masted vessel,  square-rigged  on the  foremast  and  fore-and-aft  rigged with a square  topsail  on the  mainmast .

1.Slang for an outdated, obsolete, unwieldy, or just ugly vessel. 2.A small fishing vessel using hooked (baited) lines. Also  Hoeker  (Dutch).

A single-, two- or even three-masted European coastal merchant and fishing vessel from the 17th and 18th century.

1.A medieval ship with the ends of the planks fitted parallel to the stern and sternposts. 2.A ship that has fallen into disuse or is used in a static role i.e. sheer hulk or prison hulk.

All purpose boat onboard a ship.

A Chinese sailing vessel with bamboo sail battens and a long overhanging counter; originally developed during the 5th century.

A two-masted sailing vessel with the stepped forward of the rudder head. They were usually  fore-and-aft  rigged but could have square sails. Sizewise, they were usually from 100 to 250 tons  burthen . Often used in the role as a bombard vessel.

A clinker built Viking merchant ship, exceptionally sturdy in rough seas. Broader in the and more draught than a longship. They were also more reliant on the use of sails for propulsion, rather than oars. Also  Knorr .

An anchored ship acting as a floating lighthouse where building a lighthouse was not possible or impractical. Lightships would display a light at the top of a mast and in case of fog would sound a fog signal.

Name for Russian river, lake and sea vessels until the 16th century and later.

Langskip. Generally thought of as the Viking war ship. It was a 45–75ft (14–23m) galley with up to 10 oars on each side, a square sail on a removable mast, and a 50–60-man capacity. Double-ended and built shell-first with overlapping planks (clinker built).

The largest boat carried aboard a larger sea going vessel. Propelled by sail or oars.

A small ship rigged with one or more  lugsails  on two or three masts, and usually one, two or three jibs were set on the . Luggers usually outperformed  square-rigged  vessels in coastal tideways but required a larger crew then a  square-rigged  vessel of similar size. Often used by smugglers and privateers around the English Channel in the 18th century.

A term applied to a ship specifically built for the purpose of war. Instances of the term ‘man-of-war’ to indicate a warship are found as early as 1484.

merchantman

Any vessel used for trade. The combined term of ‘merchant’ and ‘man’ occurs as early as 1473.

A small 16th century coastal merchantman carrying a square sail on a single mast.

A classic medium-sized Spanish vessel of the age of exploration, having a fully developed three-masted rig and often a small  topsail  on the  mainmast .

1.Also called a roundship, a single-masted ship used in Europe during the middle-ages until the 14th century, for example as transportation for the crusades. Descendant of the Viking longship a Nef still had a side-rudder and was used in Northern regions a century or two longer with a sternpost-rudder. 2.A French word for ship. 3.Drinking vessel in the shape of a ship.

packet ship

The generic name given to a vessel that sailed in regular service between two ports.

A one to three-masted dhow-like vessel used off the west coast of India.

p enteconter

An ancient Greek galley with 50 oars, 25 each side set in a single bank.

Dutch term for a small open fishing vessel.

1.A variety of relatively small sailing vessels having generally two  fore-and-aft  rigged masts. 2.A 17th century ship’s boat, usually rowed with eight oars.

A sea-robber, or an armed ship that roams the seas without any legal commission, and seizes or plunders any vessel she meets indiscriminately, whether friend or foe. Some other names for a pirate were  buccaneer ,  freebooter  and  skimmer .

A three-masted Mediterranean vessel, usually  square-rigged  on the  mainmast , and on the  foremast  and . Some of them however carried square sails on all three masts. They carried one piece masts, neither  topmast  nor were present.

A variety of large Phoenician, Greek or Roman war galleys. In these large ‘Polyremes’, there were only two levels of oars, each being rowed by half the men indicated by the number. For instance, in an octoreme (8), there were 2 banks of oars, each rowed by 4 men, on each side of the ship. In a ‘decareme’ (10), each oar was manned by 5.

An ancient boat made from clay or similar material for use in inland waterways.

A person or private vessel intent on raiding enemy shipping in wartime for the purpose of making a profit from the sale of captured ships, including whatever cargo would be onboard. A privateer could be described as a commissioned pirate. Dangerous business all-around, often a privateer would mistake a ‘friendly’ ship for fair game with the consequence of rapidly being ‘promoted’ from privateer to pirate.

A small square ended rowboat.

A small two-masted vessel, common in Egypt around the 11th century, sailing down the Nile from Cairo and as far west as Tunisia and Sicily.

quarter boat

A boat hung from or located on a ship’s quarter.

quinquereme

A Mediterranean war galley having three banks of oars, the oars on the top two levels being pulled by two men each, the lower level oar being pulled by a single man. The quinquereme (5 rowers) was developed from the earlier trireme, rowed by three levels (or banks) of oars, each rowed by a single man. It was used by the Greeks of the Hellenistic period and later by the Carthaginians and Romans, from the 4th century BC to about the 1st century AD.

In 1653 the British Admiralty’s Fighting Instructions classified the size and capabilities (guns mounted) of a sailing warship into 6 distinct rates. A first rate being the largest and most capable, a sixth rate being the least. The number of guns carried by a ship of a certain rate changed from time to time. Only the first four rates were considered fit for duty as ‘ships of the line’, all though fifth and sixth rates did join the battle from time to time.

retour ship

Generic name for a collection of different but relatively heavily armed, and well-manned merchant ships of the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, or VOC). They were specifically designed for the long roundtrip (retour) voyage from the Netherlands to the East Indies.

A medieval merchant sailing ship with a rounded stern and bow, as opposed to a sharp double-ended longship. A roundship often had a two-masted rig with a small foresail. Also called a nef.

A vessel rigged with  fore-and-aft  sails on two or more masts. A  topsail  schooner sets one or two square sails on the  foremast  as well. Many further sub-divisions can be made such as Tern Schooners, Scow Schooners, Coastal Schooners and Grand Banks Schooners such as the Bluenose.  Bald Headed Schooner  is a term for a Schooner having/setting no topsails at all.

A variety of flat-bottomed vessels used for carrying cargo, often having a sloping square bow and stern. Similar to a barge, simple hull construction and maximum cargo capacity.

s cow schooner

A flat-bottomed square-ended schooner-rigged vessel used mainly in the latter half of the 19th century on the Great Lakes and North-American coastal routes. Scow schooners often used centerboards or and the name scow refers to the shape of the hull. Scow schooners carried the bulk of cargo in North-America during the 19th century.

second rate

Sailing ‘ship of the line’ warship with 84-98 guns on three or two gun decks (1779).

1.A two-masted ship usually carrying  lugsails . 2.A 17th century ship’s boat, used as a . Shallops had no keel but used instead. A shallop could be propelled by oars or sails.

A cut-down, old ship fitted with a pair of sheers, used to hoist masts up to another ship that was being built or repaired.

In the 18-19th centuries a ship was defined as a first rank sailing vessel having a and three or more  square-rigged  masts (), each composed of a  lowermast , a  topmast , and often a .

Many earlier and other definitions of ship exist, just think of a single-masted Viking  ship  for example.

ship of the line

A sailing warship built to fight in the line of battle. The ‘line of battle’ meant that each ship would form in a line thus allowing each ship to fire full  broadside  salvos at the opponent. Ships of the line were usually all of fourth rate or above, most were third-rate ships of 74 guns.

Sailing warship with 20-30 guns (1779).

A small flat-bottomed ship’s boat, having a sharp pointed bow and a square stern. Could be propelled by oars or sail.

A single-masted  fore-and-aft  rigged vessel setting a and generally a single jib, or headsail (sometimes double – double-headsail sloop). Sloop and cutter are almost indistinguishable today, generally a sloop has her mast located more forward than a cutter.

sloop-of-war

A name given to the smallest three-masted sailing warships, having 8 to 22 cannon on only one deck. They were either fully rigged as ships (three-masted ship-sloop) or as snows. Also sometimes called ‘corvette’ (0riginally a French term) but brigs (two-masted brig-sloop) and cutters were also sometimes classified as sloops-of-war.

A small two-masted coastal fishing or merchant vessel,  fore-and-aft  rigged and very similar to a ketch.

A large two-masted sailing vessel, similar to a Brig.

“A Brig bends her boom-sail (or trysail) to the  mainmast , while a Snow bends it to a trysail mast ( a small third mast stepped immediately aft of the  mainmast ): in other respects these two vessels are alike.” (Young’s Nautical Dictionary 1846.)

spiegelschip

Dutch term for a vessel with a distinctive flat stern, with  spiegel  meaning  mirror .

Small sail and/or oar powered transport vessel used from the dark ages to about the late 12th century. Early medieval equivalent of a landing craft, they had doors used as ramps for loading and unloading men and their horses. Possibly derived from earlier Roman horse transports.

A small and nimble single- or two-masted sailing vessel originating in the Middle East and the north coast of Africa. Like the xebec, it is often associated with the Barbary corsairs.

A vessel attending to another vessel, in particular one that ferries supplies and personnel between ship and shore.

Sailing ‘ship of the line’ warship with 64-80 guns on two gun decks (1779).

A Dutch flat-bottomed vessel with rounded ends and . Used to carry freight and also often used as a pleasure yacht.

An ancient Greek galley with 30 oars, 15 each side set in a single bank.

An ancient Phoenician, Greek or Roman war galley propelled by three tiers (banks) of oars on each side, each oar being pulled by a single man, used from the 7th to the 4th century BC. Upper level oarsmen were called  thranites , middle level  zygites  and lower level oarsmen were called  thalamites . The hull was shell-first, mortise-and-tenon construction, planked with fir, cedar or pine while the keel was made of oak.

turtle ship

A 16th-century Korean armoured warship called Geobukseon or Kobukson in Korean. It was fitted with an iron shell (top) and sharp spikes for protection and to prevent boarding. They were developed and built by Admiral YI, SOON SHIN in 1592 who led Korea to victory in the IM JIN WAR (Korea vs. Japan; 1592-1598). The hull was built from red pine and a turtle ship carried cannons with such names as Heaven and Earth or in Korean, Chon and Ji. Comparable to a European 12 and 7pdr cannon respectively.

west indiaman

A relatively heavily armed European merchantman used for trade between Europe, Africa and the Americas.

A sturdy purpose build vessel with a large hold. Intended for the catching of whales, many were used on polar expedition and/or by Navies around the world because of their sturdy nature.

A light and fast 17th century ship’s boat.

A relatively small three-masted vessel favored by the Barbary corsairs operating off the coast of North Africa. These ships had long narrow hulls, and were fitted with oars like their galley predecessors. The xebec was adopted by the French and Spanish navies and called a  chebec .

Any of a variety of small sailing vessels. Often a personal transportation watercraft or a personal pleasure boat; i.e. captain’s yacht, royal yacht.

1. A small two-masted sailing vessel with the stepped astern of the rudder post. Similar to a ketch, which has its stepped forward of the rudder head or post. 2. A ship’s boat similar to, but smaller than a pinnace, usually rowed by four to six oars.

A 16th century Spanish sailing vessel, smaller then a Galleon or Carrack. Zabra’s were used for dispatch, transport and other utilitarian duties.

Definitions courtesy of  Art of the Age of Sail . Introduction copyright The Dear Surprise.

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The Model Shipwright

How to build first-class ship models from kits or from scratch using actual ship plans, french xebec boberach (captured from algeria in 1830).

The xebec (French chébec/chébeck) was a lightly-constructed vessel of the Mediterranean Sea that featured lateen sails as well as oars. Developed from the long, narrow oar-powered galleys of ancient times, xebecs were fast vessels able to sail close to the wind because of their triangular sails. This, as well as their shallow draft and ability to use oars when becalmed made them popular with pirates, as they could catch merchant ships and run away from warships. Being able to outrun a warship was important as, in a quote that has been credited to Thomas Jefferson (but I am unable to confirm) the xebec was “so light as not to stand the broadside of a good frigate.”

Our xebec plan is “Du Chebeck de Boberach” (The xebec named Boberach) which was “Prise Africaine faite à Alger en 1830” (taken as a prize from Algeria) when France invaded the North African country in 1830. One source states she was captured in July, and commissioned into the French navy just a month later. (1) I haven’t been able to verify this, however, she does begin to appear in 1831 in the “Annales Maritimes et Coloniales” (Journals of Navy and Colonies) a bi-annual periodical published by the French government that includes ship movements, wherein it notes:

“The chébec the Boberach, commanded by Mr. Fournier, ship-of-the-line lieutenant, leaves Toulon August 19 enroute to Ajaccio, Corsica. Under the same commander, she left Toulon for Marseilles November 30.” (2)

She appears to continue this duty station, traveling between Toulon and Corisca, as noted in “Annales Maritimes et Coloniales”:

“The Boberach, xebec, commanded by Mr. L.F. Fournier, ship-of-the-line lieutenant, leaves Toulon, December 16 1831, to go to Corsica; returning to Toulon April 5 (1832), coming from Marseille, where it has transported the crew of the Léonidas, shipwrecked on l’ île Rousse; leaves Toulon 15 April, for Corsica; arrives at Toulon May 29, coming from Ajaccio; leaves for Corsica June 5.” (3)

For a short time in 1832, the Boberach is reassigned to Séte, and we learn her captain’s full name:

“The Boberach, chebeck, Commanded by Mr. Louis-Jean Fournier, ship-of-the-line lieutenant, leaves Toulon June 5 for Corsica; returns to Toulon June 20; leaves this harbor August 13 to be going to replace the Chamois at Séte;” (4)

The Boberach’s exchange with Chamois, an escort vessel commanded by ship-of-the-line lieutenant Paul-Henri-Louis Pujol, is short-lived. She arrives in Toulon August 25, coming from Séte, and departs Toulon September 18 for Séte. (5) Boberach returns to Toulon October 8, coming from Séte; leaves Toulon the 14th of the same month for Bonne; leaves Bonne November 1; reaches Toulon the 12th of the same month. (6)

The next year, we learn the Boberach has a new captain, and we learn a bit about what cargo she’s carrying to Corsica:

“The Boberach, chebeck commanded by Mr. Étienne*, ship-of-the-line lieutenant, arrives in Toulon April 7, coming from Corsica; left April 21 for Corsica; of return to Toulon May 7; left Toulon the 13th of the same month with 200,000 francs for Corsica; returning to Toulon the 22nd; leaves the 28th for Port-Vendres; retuns to Toulon June 6;” (7)

And, we have her first recorded voyage back to the land of her birth when we read she leaves for Bône (present-day city of Annaba, Algeria) 22 June. (8) And that the return trip from Bône lasts from October 2 to October 9. (9)

The next brief mentions of the Boberach note that in 1837 she is under the command of ship-of-the-line lieutenant Ritt (10), with ship-of-the-line ensign Lacroix second in command. (11) She was disarmed for a time that same year in Toulon. (12)

On 16 October 1838, now stationed in Algeria, Boberach is placed under the command of ship-of-the-line lieutenant. P.A. Bonfils, (13) with ensign Lacroix remaining second in command. (14)

Boberach is reported to be rearmed in 1841 in Toulon, (15) however, on 2 February, 1841, she is placed under the command of Ship-of-the-line lieutenant J.M. Barnel with her station continuing to be North Africa “Cotes d’ Afrique — Algérie.” (15)

The next mention I find is Boberach was stationed in Algeria for local service in 1847 (16), so one could assume she was there since 1838.

Such a small ship, stationed in a foreign port, seems to escape notice, as that is the last mention I find until the Boberach appears in an article on the sinking of the ship ‘Avenger’ in the second volume of the 1850 edition of Colburn’s United Service Magazine (London), which states:

“M. Bouchet Riviere, commanding the French xebec Boberach, charged with the surveillance of the coral fishery in Algeria, has just explored the Sorelli rocks. The dangerous rocks, commonly called the ‘Two Sisters,’ have the same basis, but are separated at their summit, and form two peaks or heads, over which there are but three or four feet of water, and between which the wreck of the Avenger now lies. M. Bouchet Riviere has seen the engines of the Avenger in the chasm between these rocks ; he has also perceived two anchors, a chain cable, and a gun, and has succeeded in getting up from the wreck some pieces of iron and a boarding cutlass.” (17)

The fate of Boberach appears to be no better than that of Avenger. The French Bulletin of the Laws 1 July to 31 December 1858 notes: “Mr. Francois Ferrand, assistant surgeon of the navy, was noted for good conduct in the grounding of the xebec Boberach.”(18)

The date of the grounding is marked as May 26, 1858; on 28th July 1858 she is noted as “rayé” (stricken from the rolls), (19) however, I cannot find the copy of “Archives Maritmes de Toulon” from which this is reported.

*This is the only commander of the Boberach I have been able to identify further. He was Jean Joseph Mathias Étienne, born February 24, 1797 in La Seyne Sur Mer in the provence of Cote D’Azur. A descendant’s genealogy page notes his career:

Commissioned ship-of-the-line lieutenant October 30 1829 in the port of Toulon. He was awarded the Knight of the Legion of Honor. 1 January, 1841, he was placed in command of the 110th Co. on the vessel of 86 cannons “Diadème” in the Mediterranean. He was promoted to Frigate Captain on 1 November, 1843. On 1 January 1849 he was given command of the vessel of 80 canons “Algiers” in Toulon. (20)

While that reference doesn’t list the Boberach, archives of the the French Ministry of Defense indicate the “Papers of the Frigate Captain Jean-Joseph-Mathias Etienne (1797-1867) [include]: logbooks of the barges Loiret, Trout and Ciotat, vessels Colosse (Giant) and Diadème (Tiara), armored brigs Cuirassier (Division), Cygne (Swan), and Dragon, flûte (cargo-carrying corvette) Ariège, schooner Estafette, brig escort vessel la Flèche (the Arrow) and the chébec (xebec) Boberach. (21) He died 7 June, 1867, at the age of 70. (22)

** Chapman’s description (24):

une Chebeque Algerienne, son artillerie consistant de 16 Canons de 6 livres de balle par coté, 4 pieces de 12 en avant, & pieces de 3 sur son gaillard derrier, comme aussi 30 Espingols. A est une section de ce batiment a l’endroit de la grande chambre, B, est une pareille au frontau de lavant, & C en est une au maitre gabarit.

My rough translation:

An Algerian chebeque (xebec), artillery guns consisting of 16 cannons of 6 pound shot per side, 4 pieces of 12 (pound shot) forward & 3 pounders on the stern castle, also 30 pivot guns. Section “A” is the site of the Grand Cabin. Section “B”, is at the head, & section “C” is admidships.

(1) http://www.boberach.de/?page_id=34 retreived February 2013. (2) Annales Maritimes et Coloniales, Partie Non Officielle, 1831; pg 622 (3) Annales Maritimes et Coloniales, Partie Non Officielle, 1832. pg 340 (4) Annales Maritimes et Coloniales, Partie Officielle, 1833; page 378 (5) ibid; page 379 (6) ibid; page 378 (7) Annales Maritimes et Coloniales, Partie Officielle,1834; page 23 (8) ibid. (9) Annales Maritimes et Coloniales, Partie Officielle, 1834; page 39 (10) Annales Maritimes et Coloniales, Partie Non Officielle, 1837; page 113 (11) Annales Maritimes et Coloniales, 1838 Partie Officielle; page 74 (12) ibid. page 206 (13) Annales Maritimes et Coloniales, Partie Officielle, 1839; page 162 (14) Annales Maritimes et Coloniales, Partie Officielle, 1838; page 783 (15) Annales Maritimes et Coloniales, Partie Officielle, 1841; page 250 (16) Annales Maritimes et Coloniales, Partie Officielle,1843; page 172 (17) Annales Maritimes et Coloniales, Partie Non Officielle,1847; Tome I; page 813 (18) Colburn’s United Service Magazine and Naval and Military Journal, 1850; Part II; page 636 (19) Bulletin des Lois de l’ Empire Français, Partie Supplémentaire, Tome Douzième; page 492 (20) http://www.boberach.de/?page_id=34 Id. (21) http://gw2.geneanet.org/jogerst?lang=fr;iz=35159;p=jean+joseph+mathias;n=etienne , retreived February 2013 (22) http://www.servicehistorique.marine.defense.gouv.fr/doc/egfp-3.pdf (Link no longer active) (23) http://membres.multimania.fr/jlouiscuret/BMS/sicie/83126/dec/18671.HTM#A0141 (24)  Description des plans dans l’Architectura navalis mercatoria  http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Shipbuilding/Chapman(1768)-fr.html retreived 02/23/2013

[…] tracking down a ship plan for Le Boberach, an Algerian xebec captured in 1830 and placed in service in the French Navy, I began to search online for more […]

Gathering information to build model ship Chebec .Thanks David. St Petersburg, Fla.

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A Complete Guide To The Xebec

Key Point: A Xebec was a sailing ship, 40-60 meters long, commonly used in the Mediterranean during the 18th century.

So, what is the Xebec warship? Here we aim to answer just that. You will see what a Xebec is and how it was used. So, by the time you finish this article, you will know everything there is to know about the warship that wreaked havoc in the Mediterranean.

Now, before we go into detail, let’s first establish a clear fact. What is a Xebec ship?

A Xebec is a type of Mediterranean sailing ship characterized by its sharp bow, low freeboard, and lateen sails. It was primarily used by Barbary pirates and Ottoman Navy during the 18th and 19th centuries, but it saw use by other Mediterranean naval powers such as France and Spain as well. Xebecs were fast and maneuverable, making them ideal for piracy and raiding, and they were often armed with guns and carried large crews.

That’s the key summary of the article. Let’s take a look at the Xebex warship in a little more detail. Starting with its origin.

Origin Of The Xebec

It is generally believed that the Xebec developed in the Mediterranean region. Likely a result of influences from various cultures that were involved in trade and maritime activities in the area. The Xebec is characterized by its unique features, among them: its sharp bow, low freeboard, and lateen sails.

All were designed to make the ship fast and maneuverable in the often-choppy waters of the Mediterranean. Despite its uncertain origins, the Xebec became a popular and iconic ship in the region, and it was used for a variety of purposes, most famously piracy but also trade and occasionally naval engagements.

Its History Of Use

The Xebec saw its greatest use during the 18th and 19th centuries. During this time, the Xebec was used by a variety of Mediterranean naval powers, including the Barbary Pirates, the Ottoman Navy, France, and Spain. Xebecs were actually well-suited for piracy and raiding due to their speed and maneuverability. Which allowed them to easily overtake slower vessels. However, they were also used for trade and naval warfare, since they often carried guns and large crews.

One of the key advantages of the Xebec is that it had a shallow draft and was able to navigate shallow waters, making it suitable for operations close to shore.

The Xebecs Downfall

Despite its popularity, the Xebec ultimately fell out of use as steam power and other technological innovations began to replace sail power in naval warfare. By the mid-19th century, the Xebec had largely disappeared from the Mediterranean, and it was replaced by more modern and advanced ship designs.

That was the history part. Now let’s look at its stats. Mainly the average size and what kinds of speeds could it achieve.

Xebec Size And Speed

On average, Xebecs were relatively small, measuring between 50 and 100 feet in length. This made them highly maneuverable, which was essential for piracy and raiding. Their small size was actually an advantage here.

In terms of speed, Xebecs were among the fastest ships of their time. They were typically equipped with lateen sails, which are triangular sails that allowed the ship to sail close to the wind and achieve high speeds. Xebecs were often able to achieve speeds of up to 12 knots, which was quite fast for a sailing ship.

The size and speed of the Xebec stayed relatively the same across the years since it did its job well. Although there were certainly variations in specific designs and modifications made to individual ships. But the variations were slight.

Now, for the fun stuff … the guns!

The Weapons It Had On Board

One of the most common weapons used on the Xebec was the long gun, which was typically mounted on the ship’s bow or stern. These guns were often quite large and could fire a heavy shot, making them highly effective in naval warfare. The reason why they placed them on the front of the ship was mainly that it was easier to aim them at a ship they were pursuing.

It’s harder to fire at a ship you are chasing if your guns are at a side.

In addition to these guns, the Xebec was also often equipped with smaller firearms, such as muskets and pistols. These weapons were typically used by the ship’s crew to repel boarders or to attack enemy crews during boarding actions.

Finally, the Xebec was sometimes equipped with blades such as swords or daggers. These were used in close combat situations. These weapons were often carried by the ship’s captain and other officers, and they were used to fend off attackers who had boarded the ship.

Now, let’s move on to the Xebec tactics. How were they used and deployed? And what is it that made these small ships so effective? Let’s see …

Xebec Naval Tactics

The Xebec was a versatile and highly maneuverable ship. Hence why it was often used for piracy and raiding along the Mediterranean coast. They were particularly well-suited for this type of warfare because of their speed and agility. This of course allowed them to quickly approach and attack enemy vessels.

A common tactic employed by Xebec crews was to approach an enemy ship under the cover of darkness or a fog bank, and then board the ship using grappling hooks and ropes. Once aboard the enemy ship, the Xebec crew would engage in close combat with the enemy crew, using swords, daggers, and firearms to gain control of the ship.

In addition to these boarding tactics, Xebecs were also used in naval battles. There they were often deployed as part of a larger fleet. In these battles, Xebecs were typically used to harass enemy vessels, firing long guns and small arms at them from a distance, and then retreating to avoid return fire. Basic hit-and-run tactics. And they leaned heavily into their advantage in speed to increase their effectiveness.

Overall, the Xebec’s speed, agility, and versatility made it a valuable asset in naval warfare.

In Conclusion

Thank you for taking the time to read this article on the Xebec warship. I hope you learned a thing or two. And if you wish to continue learning about naval weapons from the Age of Sail, I suggest you take a look here . It’s an article on the Brigantine warship. Or go here for a discussion on the gunboat.

• Bradford, Ernle. The Wind Off the Island: The Battle of Malta. Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1961.
• Currey, E. Hamilton. The Old Ports of Provence. Ayer Publishing, 1971.
• The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times. Conway Maritime Press, 1995.
• Lane, Frederic Chapin. Venice, a Maritime Republic. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.
• Sutherland, Jonathan. “Xebec”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2022.

Finally, the Xebec was sometimes equipped with blades such as swords or daggers, which were used in close combat situations. These weapons were often carried by the ship’s captain and other officers, and they were used to fend off attackers who had boarded the ship.

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A xebec ( / ˈ z iː b ɛ k / or / z ɪ ˈ b ɛ k / ), also spelled zebec , was a Mediterranean sailing ship that was used mostly for trading. Xebecs had a long overhanging bowsprit and aft-set mizzen mast . The term can also refer to a small, fast vessel of the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, used almost exclusively in the Mediterranean Sea .

• 1.1 Use by Barbary corsairs
• 1.2 Use by European powers
• 2 Etymology
• 4 References
• 5 External links

Description

Xebecs were ships similar to galleys primarily used by Barbary pirates, which have both lateen sails and oars for propulsion. Early xebecs had two masts while later ships had three. Xebecs featured a distinctive hull with pronounced overhanging bow and stern , [3] and rarely displaced more than 200 tons , making them slightly smaller and with slightly fewer guns than frigates of the period.

Use by Barbary corsairs

These ships were easy to produce and were cheap, and thus nearly every corsair captain ( Raïs ) had at least one xebec in his fleet. They could be of varying sizes. Some ships had only three guns [4] while others had up to forty. [5] Most xebecs had around 20–30 cannons, and the overwhelming majority had swivel guns equipped. [6] [7]

After the 18th century, galleys became increasingly outdated and xebecs became the preferred ships of Barbary pirates [8] thanks to their heavy and effective use of wind power, reduced need for slaves to row, ability to carry more cannons than a galley, and overall cheapness, speed, [9] and maneuverability. [10]

Xebecs were generally faster than contemporary ship types until the introduction of steamships .

Corsairs built their xebecs with a narrow floor to achieve a higher speed than their victims, but with a considerable beam in order to enable them to carry an extensive sail-plan. The lateen rig of the xebec allowed the ship to sail close hauled to the wind, often giving it an advantage in pursuit or escape. The use of oars or sweeps allowed the xebec to approach vessels who were becalmed. When used as corsairs, the xebecs carried a crew of between 90 [4] and 400 men.

The use of square rig among pirates was initially rare, although after the 1750s a mix between lateen and square rigs became much more widespread. [10]

Use by European powers

Some victorious xebecs of the Spanish Navy, about 1770 (see Antonio Barceló campaigns... in the Spanish version of the page of Wikipedia):

• Andaluz , 30 guns (4 × 8-pounders)
• Africa , 18 guns (4-pounders)
• Atrevido , 20 guns
• Aventurero , 30 guns (3 × 8-pounders)
• Murciano , 16 guns, 4 pedreros (light swivel guns)
• San Antonio

Notable xebecs of the French Navy include four launched in 1750:

• Ruse , 160 tons, 18 guns
• Serpent , 160 tons burthen , 18 guns
• Requin , 260 tons burthen, 24 guns
• Indiscret , 260 tons burthen, 24 guns

In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, a large polacre-xebec carried a square rig on the foremast, lateen sails on the other masts, a bowsprit , and two headsails . The square sail distinguished this form of a xebec from that of a felucca which is equipped solely with lateen sails. The last of the xebecs in use by European navies were fully square-rigged and were termed xebec-frigates.

The British brig-sloop Speedy' s (14 guns, 54 men) defeat of the Spanish xebec-frigate El Gamo (32 guns, 319 men) on 6 May 1801 is generally regarded as one of the most remarkable single-ship actions in naval history. It was the foundation of the legendary reputation of the Speedy ' s commander, Lord Cochrane, which has in turn provided the inspiration for sea fiction such as Patrick O'Brian's Master and Commander . [11]

Xebec is also written as xebeck , xebe(c)que , zebec(k) , zebecque , chebec , shebeck ( / ʃ ɪ ˈ b ɛ k / ); from ( Catalan : xebec , French : chabec , now chebec , Spanish : xabeque , now jabeque , Portuguese : enxabeque , now xabeco , Italian : sciabecco , zambecco , stambecco , Maltese : xambekk , Greek : σεμπέκο , sebeco Template:Lang-lij , Arabic : شباك, šabbāk and Turkish : sunbeki). Words similar in form and meaning to xebec occur in Catalan, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Arabic and Turkish. The Online Etymology Dictionary regards the Arabic shabbak (meaning "a small warship ") as the source form; however, the Arabic root means 'a net', implying the word originally referred to a fishing boat.

• USS Champion
• ↑ "Chébec : Maquette de bateau historique signée Historic Marine" . https://historic-marine.com/product/chebec/ .  
• ↑ Olivier d 'Orbcastel, Chebec – Slaves of the Barbarians in Algiers
• ↑ King, Dean (2000). A Sea of Words (3 ed.). Henry Holt. pp. 476. ISBN   978-0-8050-6615-9 .  
• ↑ 4.0 4.1 Norie, John William (1842) (in en). The Naval Gazetteer, Biographer and Chronologist: Containing a History of the Late Wars from ... 1793 to ... 1801; and from ... 1803 to 1815, and Continued, as to the Biographical Part to the Present Time . C. Wilson . https://books.google.com/books?id=9iBEAAAAYAAJ&q=xebec+40+cannons&pg=PA303 .  
• ↑ (in en) Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Whitehall Yard . W. Mitchell. 1916 . https://books.google.com/books?id=OzMwAQAAMAAJ&q=xebec+40+guns .  
• ↑ (in en) York State Tradition . York State Tradition. 1968 . https://books.google.com/books?id=_wEqAQAAMAAJ&q=xebec+swivel .  
• ↑ Clarke, James Stanier (in en). The Naval Chronicle [ed. by J.S. Clarke, S. and J. Jones . ] . https://books.google.com/books?id=87kPAAAAQAAJ&q=xebec+swivel&pg=PA73 .  
• ↑ Devoulx, Albert (1872) (in fr). Le registre des prises maritimes . A. Jourdan . https://books.google.com/books?id=f8MTAAAAYAAJ&q=chebec&pg=PA36 .  
• ↑ Fawcett, Nick (2019-07-11) (in en). Can I Have a Word?: A Fun Guide to Winning Word Games . Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN   978-1-4721-4311-2 . https://books.google.com/books?id=9lBrDwAAQBAJ&q=manoeuvrability+xebec&pg=PT162 .  
• ↑ 10.0 10.1 Laszlo, Veres; László, Veres; Woodman, Richard (1999) (in en). The Story of Sail . Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-55750-896-6 . https://books.google.com/books?id=dHYqAQAAIAAJ&q=manoeuvrability+xebec .  
• ↑ David Cordingly (2007). Cochrane: The Real Master and Commander . New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 3–4. ISBN   978-1-58234-534-5 .  

External links

• Arabian chebec High-resolution photos of a model of an eighteenth-century xebec
• book "Chebec Le Requin 1750" with English Translation, by Jean Boudroit, 1991
• [1] Definition of xebec source
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TheHistoryFiles.com

Weapons and Warfare throughout history and the analysis of doctrine, strategy and tactics.

Xebec (Chebeck)

“Xebec,” “zebec,” and “chebeck” or “chebec” are all variations on one term, whose ultimate origins are Arabic. W.H. Smyth, Sailor’s Word-Book: An Alphabetical Digest of Nautical Terms, rev. E. Belcher (1867; repr. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1996), defines “Xebec, or Zebec,” as follows:

A small three-masted vessel of the Mediterranean, distinguished from all other European vessels by the great projection of her bow and overhanging of her stern. Being generally equipped as a corsair, the xebec was constructed with a narrow floor, for speed, and of great breadth, to enable her to carry a great press of sail. On the Barbary coast the xebec rig was deemed to vary from the felucca, which in hull is the same, by having the foremast square-rigged.

The xebec, or chebeck, originated in the western Mediterranean during the seventeenth century. The name stems from the Arabic sabak. This suggests that the Barbary pirates, who were closely associated with this type of vessel, may have developed it. Xebecs were designed to emerge from shallow harbours, using their great speed to intercept merchantmen, few of which would be able to outrun or outmanoeuvre the freebooters. The original North African designers of the xebec borrowed from both the galley and the caravel traditions. The Spanish and French. were quick to follow, if only to have a ship that could match the line sailing qualities of the xebeck. Three-masted, and originally with full lateen-rig, it carried 18 oars to assure mobility during calms, and had a distinctive built-out stem platform to stay the mizzen. Although of shallow draught, the xebeck was far from being tub-like, having fine underwater lines. It carried 12 to 15 guns, including four 12pdr guns mounted on the bow.

Length: 31m (103ft 9in)

Beam: 6.7m (22ft)

Depth: 2.5m (8ft 2in)

Displacement: 190t

RIgging: three masts; lateen-rigged

Armament: 12-15 guns

Complement: 24, plus fighting men

The xebec, as in most ship types, possesses origins difficult to trace. It probably began with the Mediterranean Galley, the type used by Italian city-states, Barbary Corsairs, and other Muslim empires since the middle ages. These ships had long, narrow hulls with a bank of oars. They were meant to be fast and manoueverable under oarpower. These ships also carried two or three lateen-rigged masts.

The foremast of the xebec was traditionally raked (bent) forward while the main was straight. There were no topmasts. The immense lateen yards were actually two spars lashed together at the thicker ends to form one. The hull had considerable overhang at the bow and stern. A ram was located at the bow, much above the waterline to form a prow. There was usually no bowsprit.

Although both galleys and xebecs were warships, some of the features of a xebec are also found in the Felucca, the Pink and the Polacre.

The Felucca is closer to the xebec than the galley. It was a smaller version of a galley, but still lateen rigged. In no way was a xebec ever bigger than a galley, so the felucca is a more likely ancestor.

The Pink and the Polacre are more likely derivatives of the xebec. The pink carried a similar rig, while retaining the rake in the foremast and the narrow beak. However, it possessed a characteristic stern to which it gave its name to. According to Culver, “the upper portion of the pink’s stern was drawn out more or less behind the body of the vessel proper and usually terminated in a much restricted quadrilateral transom.” (152). The pink was more than anything a merchant ship so it had a more full hull and much less overhang at the bow and stern. At a glance, the xebec and the pink might be similar if it were not, at a closer inspection, for the unique shape of the xebec’s hull.

In the late 18th century, there are accounts of xebec-frigates, ship-rigged ships with hulls similar to that of a xebec. Such designs can be yielded to the name Polacre. These ships operated in the Mediterranean as frigates would anywhere in the world. They were owned by almost any nation with influence in the middle sea. They had three to four square sails on the main and fore masts, while the mizzen would have a large lateen sail. The hull otherwise was very similar to the xebec. The overhang, the prow, and the narrowness are all present.

From Galley to Xebec

The transition was very simple. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Barbary pirates were a menace to Christian shipping, but if a Christian warship could come to blows with the galleys of the Muslim corsairs, the broadsides could eliminate the oar-driven vessels quickly.

One theory is that in order to be able to run away or even stand up to a fight, galleys needed to be upgraded. The result was a sailing ship with the capacity to carry guns. Rowers had to be removed to fit the guns, so the dependency for speed in a corsair vessel fell to sail. To accomplish this, a hull similar to a galley, long and narrow, was used, but widened to achieve greater stability to mount guns. The graceful lines were maintained, and so a xebec is formed.

Rigs of the Xebec

The basic xebec carried three lateen-rigged masts, however, two other rigs were apparently used on the same xebec hull shape. A square-rigged mainmast appears on some western xebecs, as well as square sails on the mizzen. This would create the effect seen with the ‘polacre’ rig below. However, the fore and mizzen mast retained their rake.

The other rig that has been described is that of a fully-rigged ship, known as a xebec-frigate. This entails three square-rigged masts. This design, however, arguably becomes a true polacre.

The End of the Evolution

The most common form of xebec produced was the traditional lateen-rigged xebec. It had three lateen-rigged masts, the fore sail sometimes being bigger than the main. The foremast was raked well to the bow while the mizzen was raked to the stern. The presence and size of a bowsprit depended on whether or not the xebec had a jib.

The hull was low and narrow, similar to a felucca. The bow retained a long prow and the stern was greatly extended with a grating over the narrow transom, if that was at all present. The unique shape of the hull allowed a small forecastle and an extended quarter deck. In some ships, the grated overhang at the stern would serve as a poop deck.

The Uses of a Xebec

Since the xebec was above all an excellent sailer, her speed could be used for commerce raiding, or piracy. And that it was. Corsairs, mainly out of Algiers, sailed in xebecs with up to 36 guns, and auxiliary oars.

The Spanish used xebecs to fight the Algerian pirates with their own weapon, seeing that the Corsairs would run at first sight of a warship. The French and Italian city states probably adapted the design for the same purpose.

On the Atlantic, the British were already experimenting with different kinds of techniques, and there is no doubt they tested the value to the xebec’s design. It is possible they had a fleet running out of Gibraltar containing xebecs.

The Operators of a Xebec

So far, there have been accounts of Barbary xebecs, as well as Spanish (jabeque), French (chebec), Italian (sciabecco), Russian (shebeck), and to some extents British xebecs (Dart and Arrow). It is interesting to note that the Danish (schierbek), Portuguese (xebeco), and Dutch (Schebeck) have the xebec in their vocabulary too, denoting knowledge of the vessel. As well there are some records of xebecs operating on the Great Lakes and in North America during the American Revolution and the War of 1812 (Repulse and Champion). Further there is an account of 12 xebecs in the casualty list on the Danish side of the Bombardment of Copenhagen, 1801. Each mounted 4 guns. Otherwise, the majority of xebec operation appears to have occurred in the Mediterranean.

The French had built seven ships based on the xebec design and these ships even fought successfully against British ships. The Royal Navy had at that time tested with success the qualities of the xebec.

The xebec under sail was noted to be the fastest and most agile craft of the Mediterranean. However, the ship was not suited to heavy weather due to its low freeboard and shallow draught. As well, if it were a Corsair vessel loaded with armed troops, its range would be limited due to the fact that the stores required for that many men would take up a large amount of space. Being lightly built and of typical Mediterranean materials, the xebec was not a strong vessel. As Thomas Jefferson put it, Algerian xebecs were “so light as not to stand the broadside of a good frigate.”

These were the physical disadvantages of the xebec. Added to this was the fact that the gunners on most Barbary (North African) xebecs were poorly trained and very inaccurate. Calibres were not standardized like in modern navies so this also added to the xebec’s disadvantages.

What the xebec lost in weakness and poor crews, it made up for in speed and manoevreability. This ship type was famous for its speed and handling under sail. If the wind died, the xebec could also rely on a set of 10 to 20 oars. With that kind of movement and versatility, it was easy for a xebec to run circles around slower, heavily laden merchant ships. In a time of crisis, a xebec could easily escape naval warships too.

These qualities made the xebec attractive to North African Corsairs, notably Algeria. However, the Knights of Malta, their Christian opposites, did not seem to adapt the design, preferring galleys and eventually a modern Westernized navy. Nevertheless, many European states integrated the xebec into their navies, notably France, Spain, and Britain. Britain built two xebec-based ships (Dart and Arrow) in 1797 and both vessels were particularly successful. France and Spain utilized the design to fight the Corsairs with their own weapon. It is undoubtable that Portugal, Russia, the Italian city-states, and other nations did the same thing.

Two odd accounts of xebecs outside the Mediterranean occur in North America and in the Baltic. There are some records of xebecs operating on the Great Lakes during the American Revolution and the War of 1812 (Repulse and Champion). There is also a record of 12 xebecs on the Danish casualty list after the bombardment of Copenhagen in 1801 by Horatio Nelson. Each of them mounted four guns. At the battle of Svensksund in 1790, ‘hemmemas’ were used as gunboats, and greatly resemble xebecs.

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XEBEC dark wood

$ 399.00

• 100% hand built from scratch using “plank on frame” construction method
• Hundreds of hours  required to finish this model sailboat
• Made of finest wood and high quality material
• Highly complex rigging and metal fitting
• Included a solid wood/MDF base and a brass name plate

Out of stock

Description

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Shipping & Terms

The term xebec (IPA: [‘zibek] or [zi’bek]; also written xebeck, xebe(c)que, zebec(k), zebecque, chebec, shebeck (IPA: [‘zibek]); from French: chabec, now chebec, Spanish: xabeque, now jabeque, Portuguese: enxabeque, now xabeco, Italian: sciabecco, zambecco, stambecco, Arabic: شباك, šabbāk (meaning “a small warship”) and Turkish: sunbeki; origin uncertain, but perhaps a fishing boat originally: Arabic root means ‘a net’) refers to a small, fast vessel of the 16th to 19th centuries, used almost exclusively in the Mediterranean Sea.

The Xebec existed from the mid 1600’s to the mid 1800’s, and was used as both a merchantman and a warship. The average Xebec carried 24 guns, displaced 250 tons, and carried as many as 350 sailors and soldiers. The Xebec under sail was noted to be the fastest and most agile craft of the Mediterranean. However, the ship was not suited to heavy weather due to its low freeboard and shallow draught. As well, if it were loaded with many armed troops, its range would be limited due to the fact that the stores required would take up a large amount of space. Being lightly built and of typical Mediterranean materials, the Xebec was not a strong vessel. As Thomas Jefferson put it, Algerian Xebecs were “so light as not to withstand the broadside of a good frigate.” What the Xebec lost in strength it made up for in speed and handling under sail. If the wind died, the Xebec could also rely on a set of 10 to 20 oars. With that kind of agility, it was easy for a Xebec to run circles around slower, heavily laden merchant ships. In a time of crisis, it was also quick to escape! Many European states integrated the Xebec into their navies, notably France, Spain, and Britain. France and Spain utilized the design to fight the Corsairs (privateers) with their own weapon.

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Maritime-museum.org, l’indiscret, xebec.

Xebecs carried small cannons on the main deck and were fitted for oars.  Highly maneuverable, the design was suited for boarding other ships with ease.  A favorite tactic was to find a square-rigged ship becalmed, row out in front where the ship’s guns did not bear, then anchor and blast away at leisure.  This style of ship was frequently used by the Barbary pirates and other sailing interests in and around the Mediterranean and also by European continental powers on a limited basis.  The last of the pirates were cleared from the ocean by the British and French in the early 19 th Century.  Descendants of the xebecs still can be found hauling cargo along the North African coast.

Plank on frame construction by an unknown builder Scale: ¼”   H 31 ½”  L 46 ¾”  W 19 ¾”

Xebec vs. Yacht — What's the Difference?

Difference Between Xebec and Yacht

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Amati Sciabecco / Xebec – Full Build Slideshow

A famed lateen-rigged vessel derived from the Xebec used by the Barbary coast pirates.

Armed with 14 medium caliber cannons and 6 culverins for close-quarter combat, the Xebec was also used by the Spanish for coastal defense against Algerian pirates. Oars made navigation possible even in the doldrums.

Scale: 1:60

Length: 72 cm

Thanks to 979nostromo on YouTube for this video.

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Xebec Sailing Ship with Optional Personalized Plaque

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Product Description

Everything Nautical  proudly presents the  Xebec Saking Ship.  The Xebec was a widely used by Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean Sea. They are built for speed by having a narrower floor than most tall ships. It is available as a FULLY ASSEMBLED model ready to be proudly displayed as a piece of history. Master craftsmen handcraft these highly detailed wood models from scratch using historical photographs, drawings and original plan. They are built to scale with high-grade wood such as: western red cedar, rosewood, and mahogany. They are 100% hand built individually using plank-on-frame construction method and are similar to the building of actual ships. Each model requires hundreds of hours to finish and must go through a demanding quality control process before leaving the workshop. The Xebec has three masts with an elaborate display of riggings. There are gold coated metal cannons around the hull. The extended stern is the most eye capturing part of this model. There is an miniature wooden rowboat on the deck with oars. The elongated bowsprit of the Xebec makes it really stand out as a beautiful ship. You can find dozens of detailed sculpture and ornaments throughout the Xebec.

This model comes with an attached wood base with a brass nameplate. It’ll make a perfect gift for home or office decorator, boat enthusiast, or passionate collector. The three masted Xebec was used for centuries in the Mediterranean as a merchant ship because of its speed and shallow draught. It was not long before Corsairs, the pirates of the Mediterranean, decided on the Xebec as their vessel of choice for lightening fast attacks on heavier merchant ships. With its fourteen cannons slung low in the waists, the Xebec would hole her prey just inches above the waterline making escape impossible. Six culverins were mounted along the poop deck for close action or just in case the crew tried to mutiny. Oars were used when the wind failed giving the Xebec the upper hand in attacking other vessels or fleeing the authorities.

Dimensions: 35" W x 7" D x 27" H

Buy one today from Everything Nautical. We are your most trusted source for all of your nautical decor needs.  Serving thousands of customers since 1998, we are a family run, U.S. based company.  You can always count on accurate and easy to understand personal service.

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Sunrise Yachts Sponsor 2011 Moscow International Boat Show (MIBS)

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Written by Mike Smith

Sunrise Yachts, a luxury yacht building company which is based in Turkey, has been made a main sponsor of next year’s 2011 Moscow International Boat Show (MIBS). The four-day Russian yacht show event is currently scheduled to run from April 14-17 at the Moscow’s Crocus exhibition centre.

moscow boat show

MIBS is organised by the ITE Group and it is one of Russia’s leading boat shows and is an internationally recognised superyacht event. The show covering everything from small parts and accessories to large superyacht with over 9,000 people and 178 exhibitors attended the last year show.

The Paolo Scanu-designed Sunrise 45 yacht is an ocean-going cruising yacht that was released in 2009 to much acclaim at this was the group’s first-ever model.

Sunrise Yachts was founded in 2007 by the German entrepreneur Herbert P Baum along with the French-British yacht builder Guillaume Roché. The luxury yacht group is based in Antalya, Turkey and utilises a 10,000sq m shipyard facility. Sunrise has two sheds measuring 100m (328ft) x 16m (53ft), as well as a 70m (230ft) x 16m (53ft) fully acclimatized paint shed that can accommodate new-build and refit projects up to 65m (213ft) in length and 1,200 tonnes displacement.

The sunrise 45m superyacht by Sunrise Yachts

Along each side of the yacht-building facility, space is available for long-term sub-contractors with the latest equipment and logistics capabilities, along with air-conditioned storage, ventilation and extraction plants. The shipyard is organized as an “assembler,” based loosely on the car industry’s model, with a small, yet powerful project management team charged with running all the in-house long-term sub-contractors.

Please contact CharterWorld - the luxury yacht charter specialist - for more on superyacht news item "Sunrise Yachts Sponsor 2011 Moscow International Boat Show (MIBS)".

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