pacific yachting magazine archives

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Pacific yachting's cruising guide to British Columbia

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EVERYTHING ABOUT BC & BOATING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Our magazines will take you through air, sea and land.

We publish the successful niche magazines known as Pacific Yachting and British Columbia Magazine , which is the 2017 IRMA Magazine of the Year award winner. Our magazines focus on boating in the Pacific Northwest and authoritative insights on travel, culture, history, photography, nature and adventure to help readers celebrate, share and learn about British Columbia in its entirety.

BRITISH COLUMBIA MAGAZINE

Pacific yachting, numbers speak, advertise with us, magazine readership, total brand reach, interested in reaching hunters and anglers, advertise with outdoor group media.

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Pacific Yachting Magazine

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About Pacific Yachting Magazine

Our print publication, Pacific Yachting Magazine , has been serving the recreational boating community for over 44 years. Power or sail, Pacific Yachting helps you get more from your time on the water with high-quality and up to date content on a variety of topics. Each month, read the latest information on cruising destinations, news issues, local attractions, upcoming events, do it yourself projects, fishing spots and more. Plus every issue brings boat reviews, boat care and the latest in new gear and technology. From the best anchorages to the best pub Pacific Yachting magazine knows the Pacific Northwest coast. 

Find at a newsstand near you or call our subscription hotline at:

1-800-816-0747.

Save 47% off newsstand with a subscription. 12 issues a year for only $48 hst.  ($6.95/issue newsstand price)

NOW AVAILABLE IN DIGITAL FORMAT! Click here to view. Add digital and archives to your subscription for just $10 .

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Motor Boating

Motor Boating was an American boating magazine published for most of its run by Hearst's Magazines.

Publication History

Motor Boating began in 1907 as The Motor Boating Magazine. The first actively copyright-renewed issue is February 1929 (v. 43 no. 2), © January 18, 1929. The first actively copyright-renewed contribution is from February 1957. ( More details ) It was renamed Motor Boating and Sailing in 1970, and MotorBoating in 2000. It ceased publication in 2011.

Persistent Archives of Complete Issues

• 1908-2011: Google Books has most of this magazine's run , by arrangement with the publisher.
• 1922: HathiTrust has volume 29 , covering January-June 1922.

This is a record of a major serial archive . This page is maintained for The Online Books Page . (See our criteria for listing serial archives .) This page has no affiliation with the serial or its publisher.

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Sea Magazine (Sea, the Pacific Yachting Magazine; Sea—Western Yachting & Boating; Sea and Pacific Motor Boat; Sea & Pacific Skipper; Western Skipper; Western Sea) was founded in 1908 as Pacific Motor Boat. It later merged with Rudder, founded in 1884.

• 1945. Krythe, Maymie R. Catalina in the Eighties Sea, the Pacific Yachting Magazine 9(6):19,30
• 1949. Gleason, Joe Duncan . Catalina—The Isle of Summer Sea, the Pacific Yachting Magazine 13(1):18-20, January 1949
• 1949. Gleason, Joe Duncan . Catalina—The Isle of Summer [concluded] Sea, the Pacific Yachting Magazine 13(2):18-19, February 1949
• 1949. Gleason, Joe Duncan . Anacapa Island Sea, the Pacific Yachting Magazine 13(5):24-25, 52-54, May 1949
• 1951 Sanger, Arthur . How to Land on San Nicolas Island Sea 15(11):12;35, November 1951
• 1951 This 30-Footer Keeps the Supply Line Open to Lonely Anacapa Sea, the Pacific Yachting Magazine p. 27. November 1951
• 1951. Sanger, Arthur San Miguel Island Sea, the Pacific Yachting Magazine 15(12):33-36, December 1951
• 1952. Sanger, Arthur Santa Rosa Island Sea, the Pacific Yachting Magazine 16(2):12-13, 41-43, February 1952
• 1952. Sanger, Arthur . Browsing Around Santa Cruz Island Sea, the Pacific Yachting Magazine 16(3):17-18, 45, March 1952
• 1958. Sanger, Arthur . Anacapa and Santa Barbara Islands Sea. Western Yachting and Boating 50(2):83-83, 94-97, February 1958
• 1958 Robertson, Stewart Cruising the Offshore Islands Part II. The Channel Islands Sea and Pacific Motor Boat 50(9):35-37; 97-100, August 1958
• 1961. Roe, Joann. California's Cruising Challenge: The Channel Islands. Part I of a Series. Anacapa and Santa Cruz Sea and Pacific Motor Boat 53(13):22-23; 86, December 1961
• 1962. Roe, Joann. California's Cruising Challenge: The Channel Islands. Part II of a Series Sea and Pacific Motor Boat 54(1):52-53;186, January 1962
• 1962. Davidson, Bonnie. Small Boat, Small Family and Santa Cruz Island Sea and Pacific Motor Boat 54(11):40-41;91, October 1962
• 1962. Robertson, Stewart. A Southern California Cruise Sea and Pacific Motor Boat 28-29, 43-45, November 1962
• 1963. Parsons, Lindsley. The Painted Caves of Santa Cruz Sea and Pacific Motor Boat 55(13):15-18, December 1963
• 1965. Stewart, Donald. Santa Barbara Island Sea and Pacific Motor Boat 57(13):39-40, December 1965
• 1967. Huffman, Diane Leslie. Cast Away on Mysterious San Miguel Sea and Pacific Motor Boat 59(8):32-33, July 1967
• 1969. Kurtz, Emil. The Catalina Eddy and the Santa Ana Wind Sea and Pacific Motor Boat 61(7):54-55;138, June 1969
• 1973. Kurtz, Emil. Channel Islands Provide Change of Pace for Small Boar Sailors Sea and Pacific Motor Boat 65(6):50-51;125-126, June 1973
• 1973. La Jenelle Project Sea 65(8):80, August 1973
• 1974. McIsaac, Hugh. 7 Million Years Later Not Much Has Changed on Guadalupe Sea 66(3):56-57, March 1974
• 1977. 80 Years of Western Boating Sea, the Western Boating Magazine 69(1):69-100, January 1977
• 1977. Mintey, Elyse. The 'Other' Catalina Island Sea, the Western Boating Magazine 69(2):78-82, February 1977
• 1977. Rutherford, Donald. Anacapa Island Light Sea, the Western Boating Magazine 69(9):54, September 1977
• 1977. Naranjo, Ralph John. San Miguel. An Island of Ghosts and Gales Sea and Pacific Motor Boat 69(10):40-42, October 1977
• 1978. Curwen, Thomas. A Special History of San Miguel Sea and Pacific Motor Boat 70(1):150-151, 166-167, January 1978
• 1978. Matthew, Eileen. Primitive prevails on Santa Cruz Island Western Sea, combined with Rudder 70(2):44-46, 102-104, February 1978
• 1978. Mintey, Elyse. Catalina's Weather Face Sea, the Western Boating Magazine 70(3):27-29, 129-130, March 1978
• 1978. Howorth, Peter C. Santa Cruz Island: A South Side Cruising Guide Sea, the Western Boating Magazine 70(7):98-101, 120-121, July 1978
• 1978. Howorth, Peter C. On a Clear Day you can See LA Sea, the Western Boating Magazine 70(7):26-28; 66-68, September 1978
• 1978. Mintey, Elyse. Afternoon Deights: Four Favorite Catalina Island Anchorages Sea, the Western Boating Magazine 70(2):28-30, 73-74, November 1978
• 1979. Matthew, Eileen. Off-season cruising Santa Cruz Island Sea, the Western Boating Magazine 71(2):72-74, February 1979
• 1979. Howorth, Peter C. Anacapa Island, More than a Mirage Sea 71(5):80-82, 121-123, May 1979
• 1979. Mintey, Elyse. Zane Grey's Avalon Sea 71(6):35-37, 111, June 1979
• 1979. Mintey, Elyse. Channel Islands, The Untouchables Sea 71(8):49-50, 98-99, August 1979
• 1980. Howorth, Peter C. Joys of Gunkholing The Channel Islands Sea 72(1):38-40, 130L,130M,130N, January 1980
• 1980. Mintey, Elyse. 19th Century Californiana: Tales of Catalina's Two Harbors Sea 72(3):34n, 340, 34p, March 1980
• 1980. Howorth, Peter C. Channel Islands, A National Park at Last Sea 72(7):30-31, 1980
• 1982. Dellaria, Dave. Farallon Disaster Sea & Pacific Skipper 74(6):4-5, June 1982
• 1984. Howorth, Peter C. Channel Islands National Park Sea. The Magazine for Weatern Yachtsmen. 76(5):40-41, May 1984
• 1982. Howorth, Peter C. . Back to Square One (Santa Barbara Harbor) Sea & Pacific Skipper 74(6):36-38, June 1982
• 1996. McNiff, Erin. Channel Islands Explorers Unite [All Eight Club] Sea 88(7):18, July 1996
• 2014. Fleming, Tony. Venturing Close to Home Sea 106(4):26-31, April 2014
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Ebony Magazine Archive covers African-American business, history & politics, education, entertainment, fashion, culture and much more between the years 1945-2014.

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Access over 100 popular magazines, including Bon Appetit, Sports Illustrated, Time, and People, through this digital platform.  Send issues to the app (available in the Apple App Store and Google Play ) for offline reading. 

Please Note: In order to access magazines through the Flipster app please follow the steps below:

1. Download the Flipster app onto a device.

2. Go to the NYPL articles & databases page and access Flipster through our website. Or type the following URL in your web browser on your phone or device:  https://www.nypl.org/collections/articles-databases/flipster

3. Click on Connect to Database, you will be asked to sign in with your library card and pin number if accessing remotely. Look up the magazine you want, choose "Read this Issue".

4. There is an option in the upper left hand corner (looks like 3 lines), chose open in App.

5. The Flipster app usually opens automatically, but if not just go to the Flipster App and click on "shelf" the magazine should be downloaded and can be read offline.

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Search the most recent global news content – with archives that stretch back into the 1980s – from over 2,500 news sources including newspapers, newswires, news journals, television and radio transcripts, blogs, podcasts, and digital-only websites in full-text format. Global Newsstream provides one of the largest collections of news from the U.S., Canada, Europe, Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Australia. 

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Jet Magazine Archive provides access to issues from 1951 through 2014 covering politics, education, and other social topics with an African American focus.

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Written in the French language and covering leading issues and events, like World War II and the Fifth Republic, to French, European and international politics, society and business, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Le Monde reveals the day-to-day news coverage valued by researchers.

.css-1t84354{transition-property:var(--nypl-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--nypl-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--nypl-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-primary);text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:2px;}.css-1t84354:hover,.css-1t84354[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-secondary);text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-thickness:1px;}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354:hover:not([data-theme]),.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354[data-hover]:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354:hover:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354[data-hover]:not([data-theme]),.css-1t84354:hover[data-theme=dark],.css-1t84354[data-hover][data-theme=dark]{color:var(--nypl-colors-dark-ui-link-secondary);}.css-1t84354:focus,.css-1t84354[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--nypl-shadows-outline);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354:not([data-theme]),.css-1t84354[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--nypl-colors-dark-ui-link-primary);}.css-1t84354:visited{color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-tertiary);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354:visited:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354:visited:not([data-theme]),.css-1t84354:visited[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--nypl-colors-dark-ui-link-tertiary);}.css-1t84354 a:hover,.css-1t84354 a[data-hover]{color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-secondary);}.css-1t84354 screenreaderOnly{clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute!important;width:1px;word-wrap:normal;} MasterFILE Premier (EBSCO)

Contains full text for nearly 1,700 periodicals covering general reference, business, health, education, general science, multicultural issues and much more. 

.css-1t84354{transition-property:var(--nypl-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--nypl-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--nypl-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-primary);text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:2px;}.css-1t84354:hover,.css-1t84354[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-secondary);text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-thickness:1px;}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354:hover:not([data-theme]),.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354[data-hover]:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354:hover:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354[data-hover]:not([data-theme]),.css-1t84354:hover[data-theme=dark],.css-1t84354[data-hover][data-theme=dark]{color:var(--nypl-colors-dark-ui-link-secondary);}.css-1t84354:focus,.css-1t84354[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--nypl-shadows-outline);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354:not([data-theme]),.css-1t84354[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--nypl-colors-dark-ui-link-primary);}.css-1t84354:visited{color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-tertiary);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354:visited:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354:visited:not([data-theme]),.css-1t84354:visited[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--nypl-colors-dark-ui-link-tertiary);}.css-1t84354 a:hover,.css-1t84354 a[data-hover]{color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-secondary);}.css-1t84354 screenreaderOnly{clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute!important;width:1px;word-wrap:normal;} Michigan Chronicle: Historical Newspapers 1936-2010

Michigan Chronicle offers primary source material essential to the study of American history and African American culture, history, politics, and the arts. Examine major movements from the Great Migration and Civil Rights to the election of America’s first Black president.

.css-1t84354{transition-property:var(--nypl-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--nypl-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--nypl-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-primary);text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:2px;}.css-1t84354:hover,.css-1t84354[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-secondary);text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-thickness:1px;}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354:hover:not([data-theme]),.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354[data-hover]:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354:hover:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354[data-hover]:not([data-theme]),.css-1t84354:hover[data-theme=dark],.css-1t84354[data-hover][data-theme=dark]{color:var(--nypl-colors-dark-ui-link-secondary);}.css-1t84354:focus,.css-1t84354[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--nypl-shadows-outline);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354:not([data-theme]),.css-1t84354[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--nypl-colors-dark-ui-link-primary);}.css-1t84354:visited{color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-tertiary);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354:visited:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354:visited:not([data-theme]),.css-1t84354:visited[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--nypl-colors-dark-ui-link-tertiary);}.css-1t84354 a:hover,.css-1t84354 a[data-hover]{color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-secondary);}.css-1t84354 screenreaderOnly{clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute!important;width:1px;word-wrap:normal;} Newspapers.com

Newspapers.com is the largest online newspaper archive consisting of 300+ million pages of historical newspapers from 11,100+ newspapers from around the United States and beyond, with a special focus on full runs and portions of runs of well-known, regional and state titles in addition to small local newspapers. The collection includes a broad range of dates, mostly covering the 19th and 20th centuries. 

Access to this resource has been temporarily expanded to NYPL cardholders working from home, courtesy of ProQuest and its partner Newspapers.com.

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Searchable full text to over 170 U.S. newspapers and 20 international newspapers. Also includes newswires and TV and radio news transcripts.

New York Times (1851-2019) w/ Index

Searchable full-text and page images from The New York Times archive with the option to search by subject headings (index covers 1851-1993). 

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Over 500 titles covering the entire nineteenth century, with a special emphasis on westward expansion, the American Civil War, and the African American experience.   All states and territories, except Washington and Nevada, are represented, but please note that some publications have a small number of issues, rather than their complete run, included. 

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NOVELny Resources are available to all New Yorkers without a password as long as one is in New York State, via a NY driver or non-driver ID if not currently in New York State and/or via a Library Card.

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Nowy Dziennik Digital Archive, part of the East View Global Press Archive, offers news from the U.S. and Poland, press reviews, books, chronicles, editorials, and discussed sports events.

Periodicals Archive Online

An interdisciplinary digital archive of hundreds of full text journals published in the arts, humanities and social sciences. 

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A database of millions of citiations for articles in the arts, humanities, and social sciences, across more than 300 years. Over 6,000 journals are included. Journals indexed span 37 key subject subject areas and multiple languages.

.css-1t84354{transition-property:var(--nypl-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--nypl-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--nypl-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-primary);text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:2px;}.css-1t84354:hover,.css-1t84354[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-secondary);text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-thickness:1px;}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354:hover:not([data-theme]),.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354[data-hover]:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354:hover:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354[data-hover]:not([data-theme]),.css-1t84354:hover[data-theme=dark],.css-1t84354[data-hover][data-theme=dark]{color:var(--nypl-colors-dark-ui-link-secondary);}.css-1t84354:focus,.css-1t84354[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--nypl-shadows-outline);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354:not([data-theme]),.css-1t84354[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--nypl-colors-dark-ui-link-primary);}.css-1t84354:visited{color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-tertiary);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1t84354:visited:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1t84354:visited:not([data-theme]),.css-1t84354:visited[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--nypl-colors-dark-ui-link-tertiary);}.css-1t84354 a:hover,.css-1t84354 a[data-hover]{color:var(--nypl-colors-ui-link-secondary);}.css-1t84354 screenreaderOnly{clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute!important;width:1px;word-wrap:normal;} Popular Magazines

Includes more than 1,000 full text magazine titles, covering subjects such as general interest, social sciences, health, and more. 

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Provides access to current newspapers from around the world in full-color, full-page format.  Includes over 2,000 U.S. and international titles. Formerly called PressDisplay.  Registering as a user with the site is optional and allows for personalized, saved settings.  Patrons should consult PressReader's Terms of Use and Privacy Policy before registering.

Please Note: In order to access newspapers and magazines through the PressReader app please follow the steps below:

1. Go to the NYPL Articles & Databases page and access PressReader through our website. Visit https://www.nypl.org/collections/articles-databases/pressreader

2. Sign in with your library card credentials.

3. Locate the green button on the bottom of your screen or device and click Open in app.

4. Download the app.

5. To ensure that you have access in the app, please activate HotSpots . To do this, tap on Settings in the menu > HotSpots > Enable HotSpots.

ProQuest Historical Newspapers

Searchable full-text and page images of all ProQuest Historical Newspaper databases, which include titles related to New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Baltimore, Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., the American Jewish Newspaper Series, and the United Kingdom.  The coverage for certain titles extends up to the present, but does not include the most recent 6-12 weeks, depending on the title. 

ProQuest Recent Newspapers Collection

Formerly known as Digital Microfilm Newspapers. Browse microfilm content in digital form for: American Banker (2008-), Barron's (2008-), Boston Globe (2008-), Chicago Tribune (2008-), Democrat and Chronicle-Rochester, NY (2010-), Guardian-London (2010-), New York Times-Late Edition, East Coast (2008-), Newsday (2010-), Philadelphia Inquirer (2010-), Saint Louis Post-Dispatch (2008-), USA Today (2009-), Wall Street Journal-Eastern Edition (2008-), and Washington Post-Final Edition (2008-). The coverage extends up to the present, but does not include the most recent 6-12 weeks, depending on the title.  

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Archives and Research

Moscow's Archives and the New History of the Communist Party of the United States

Randi Storch | Oct 1, 2000

Historians of communism now have access to an enormous range of new sources, but the picture emerging is not at all clear. The Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (RGASPI), formerly Moscow's Center for the Preservation of Documents of Modern History (RTsKhIDNI), holds the largest collection of materials related to international communism, totaling approximately 20 million documents. These collections include rich and varied sources related to communism in the United States that reveal a multidimensional story of American communism, one that will allow us to study local history in a national and international context.

I encountered this complex picture of American Communist Party history as I did my own research at the archive on the relationship between Chicago's party and the city's working people. The story I uncovered there is quite different from those I have been reading about in the most recent academic publications and popular press articles that suggest the last word on American communism is one of espionage and Moscow's domination. In fact, the substance of the archives should reopen the debate on the meaning of American communism.

The first studies based on these documents focused on national and international party issues. In The Secret World of American Communism, the first of a proposed 14-part series released by Yale University Press, Harvey Klehr, John Haynes, and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov showed that the Soviet Union helped fund the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) and that top leaders in the American party supported Soviet espionage. With carefully selected documents, they suggested that the essence of the communist movement was its attempts to sabotage the American government. The second volume in this series, The Soviet World of American Communism , used the same approach to prove that, in some all-consuming fashion, "the American Communist party was a creature of the Comintern and, through it, of the Soviet Union."1

These works have been picked up in the popular media as if they held the long-sought-after evidence that established once and for all the depravity of the American communist movement, yet their arguments are still able to spark heated discussions among historians. In both books, the authors succeeded in gaining popular attention, as well as raising some historians' ire, by selectively using Moscow's archives to confirm assertions made by the first scholars of American communism—Cold War scholars whose anticommunist interpretations were shaped by the dominant political atmosphere of the country in the aftermath of World War II.

These Cold War historians and their 1990s counterparts believe the most important aspect of American communism was the party's subordination to Soviet Russia. Theodore Draper, writing in 1960, determined that by 1929, "nothing and no one could alter the fact that the American Communist Party had become an instrument of the Russian Communist Party." 2 Thus Draper and those writing in the 1990s from the same perspective see the party organization as a monolith. Each communist act is explained as another example of Soviet intrigue. 3

Because these historians assumed top-level party leaders determined the character and actions of the party, they also discounted the effect of local party experience in shaping the party and in influencing the politics of people who joined it. Focusing instead on the national leadership and emphasizing the Comintern's influence on it, Draper concluded, "a history of the Communist party is chiefly a history of its top leadership." Echoing Draper almost four decades later, Klehr, Haynes, and Kyrill M. Anderson argue that, "the dictates of the Comintern almost invariably superseded policies offered on the basis of local conditions."4

Because the CPUSA believed in democratic centralism, which required members to follow party policy, an institutional perspective is certainly an important part of the story. But Cold War scholars and their modern counterparts interpret all aspects of the party's organization and structure with negative moral overtones, depicting American communists as alienated from American society. Such nationally focused, institutional approaches therefore make it impossible to describe—let alone gauge the significance of—local party membership and activities. And by assuming that top-level discussions and factional fights always dictated the attitudes and actions of organizers in the streets and factories, these scholars ignore local developments and grassroots rationales that inspired working people to join the party.

Such one-sided interpretations were already under attack by the 1980s and early 1990s, when a group of scholars began shifting the terms of the debate. Most of these revisionist historians placed American communism within the broader history of this country's radical movements, taking three main approaches to the party's history. Some interviewed aging Communists to produce personal narratives that focus on activists' party experiences and activities, suggesting that Soviet policy could not explain all of their decisions and behaviors. Others made similar claims, in national party histories, arguing that America's party leaders were responsive to domestic political and social conditions. A third group, relying on oral history and newspaper sources, wrote local studies to discuss communist experience at the city level. 5 Rather than emphasizing the small and sectarian party of the 1920s and the postwar years, as Draper and David Shannon had, these revisionist historians looked at the party during its Popular Front heyday of the 1930s and World War II era and concluded that people joined because this was a radical movement offering solutions to America's problems. "Unlike their predecessors," Michael E. Brown noted, "the new historians emphasize the variations and complexities of context." 6

But in their attempt to write a more sympathetic history of American communism, many of these scholars romanticize the communist movement, understate its bureaucratic structure, and downplay sectarianism. In an effort to demystify and decriminalize the party, they swung the pendulum far away from the depiction of communists as automatons of democratic centralism and toward a conception of communists as idealized, organic radicals.

While personal testimony allowed these scholars to rely less on party sources and institutional interpretations, the turn to oral history presented its own problems. Personal interviews tended to move historians away from New York's leaders and encouraged them to focus more on local contexts, but works based heavily on oral testimony ran into the danger of presenting skewed, personal interpretations of history.

And using local sources meant that revisionist historians did not always grasp the significance of being a member of an international movement dominated by the Soviet Union. Because the Communist Party was an international movement operating through democratic centralism, it was inherently different from any other American political organization. It is essential to integrate this international context with a grassroots focus in order to understand the Communist Party and the role it played in working-class politics more generally.

But if these scholars' emphasis on localism led them to understate the significance of internationalism, they at least began to provide a more nuanced interpretation of American communism. As they responded to what might be referred to as Cold War histories, paving the way for new research and new interpretations, their efforts were stymied in part by a shortage of sources.

Now, however, the opening of former party archives in Moscow provides access to rich new sources. The RGASPI collection includes more than 4,000 files of CPUSA records, dating from 1919 to the late 1930s. Although the records are incomplete for the periods from 1919–22 and for the period after 1936, they still tell us a great deal about this enigmatic organization.

Fond (file) 515, the CPUSA's collection, holds minutes and correspondence for each department within the national party during this period. Perhaps most exciting from a social historian's perspective, however, is that it also contains the papers of each party district. This means that for the first time scholars have access to extensive internal party documents such as correspondence, financial records, meeting minutes, and discipline reports at the state, city, and neighborhood levels. Researchers can study shop papers, industrial reports, and organizing plans. Local educational material is plentiful, including the locations, materials, and course information for local party schools. The archive also contains local papers of agitation and propaganda committees, industrial committees, control committees, women's committees, Negro committees, and each ethnic group in the party.

The CPUSA papers represent just one collection at RGASPI containing United States material. There are thousands of other files that reach into the early 1940s pertaining to the Profintern (fond 534), which coordinated industrial organizing. This collection includes minutes of national and city industrial conferences, trade union organizers' reports, reports on the American Federation of Labor, minutes and letters from various industrial organizers, and copies of shop papers and leaflets. The Comintern papers (fond 495) include the papers of the Anglo-American secretariat, the Negro Bureau, and the Trade Union commission, each containing correspondence and minutes relating to local party activity and activists.

For the first time, it is possible to document the functioning of the local party, its relationship to the international, and the importance of individual members in shaping the party's program. Chicago's party sources reveal that local pressures and politics convinced communist trade unionists to leave the Trade Union Unity League for the American Federation of Labor before the Comintern agreed to this action. Local party organizers also led the way into the Congress of Industrial Organizations. These examples show that party policy was not merely imposed from the top, but was also established through the experience and activity of party trade unionists. Local shifts that predated Comintern policy changes also occurred in the Chicago party's unemployment activities and in its youth organizing. Its activists were dynamic elements of the social conflicts of the day and their party activities reflected it.

These materials also tell us a great deal about the ways in which ordinary people experienced communism. From the perspective of Chicago's neighborhoods, the party looked quite different than it did from New York and Moscow. Rather than describe rank-and-file experiences according to party leaders' plans, new evidence allows us to read about communist members' victories and frustrations from their own records. Neighborhood records, for example, show how activity varied from predominately African American to predominately Jewish neighborhoods. Rank-and-file letters to party leaders reveal party members' hopes, frustrations, and motivations. Such sources reveal openings in the movement in which individuals inserted their own visions of activism, and they allude to a larger context surrounding communists' activities, suggesting why communism made sense to some Chicago workers.

Pieces of this archive are showing up in various libraries and soon will be available online. The Library of Congress has already made some CPUSA materials available to researchers on microfilm. Also, the International Computerization of the Comintern Archive project (Incomka) is working on digitizing one million pages of the most used and "historically significant" collections of the Comintern archive. Such increased access will certainly help researchers rethink the meaning of American communism in this new round of scholarship although the editors' choice of documents will be important. But until such projects are complete, the best and the most complete records of American communism are in Moscow.

The opening of Moscow's archives has also opened a new period of Communist Party history, when opportunities to study local communist experiences are plentiful. While relations between the United States and Russia have changed considerably since the 1950s, the challenges of writing a balanced Communist party history are just as complicated and significant as ever. The new sources make it possible to reassess the movement, suggesting that in order to understand the experience of American communism we must be sensitive to the interplay between internationalism and localism. As Maurice Isserman noted in The Nation in 1995 , "the story of the C.P.U.S.A. is full of contradictions, and it's past time for all concerned to acknowledge and learn to live with them." Certainly this archive and its collections make such a conclusion emphatic.

This research was supported by grants from the University of Illinois, SUNY Cortland, and the International Research and Exchanges Board, with funds provided by the U.S. Department of State (Title VIII program) and the National Endowment for the Humanities. None of these organizations is responsible for the views expressed.

1. Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Kyrill Anderson, The Soviet World of American Communism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 2.

2. Theodore Draper, American Communism and Soviet Russia: The Formative Years (New York: Viking, 1960), 440. While Draper's work has been the most influential, the Ford Foundation sponsored 10 studies, beginning in 1953, on various aspects of "Communism in American Life."

3. As Hugh Wilford points out, these historians did not distinguish between the Comintern and the Soviet Communist Party. See Hugh Wilford, "The Communist International and the American Communist Party," in Tim Rees and Andrew Thorpe (eds.), International Communism and the Communist International, 1919–1943 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998): 225–33.

4. First quote is from Draper, 4; second from Klehr, Haynes, and Anderson, The Soviet World of American Communism , 5.

5. Examples from the first group are Steve Nelson, James R. Barrett, and Rob Ruck, Steve Nelson, American Radical (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1981); Nell Irvin Painter, The Narrative of Hosea Hudson (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979); Dorothy Ray Healey and Maurice Isserman, California Red: A Life in the American Communist Party (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990). Examples of the second group are Maurice Isserman, Which Side Were You On? The American Communist Party During The Second World War (1982; Urbana: University of Illinois Press, Reprint, 1993); Fraser Ottanelli, The Communist Party of the United States: From the Depression to World War II (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991). Examples of the third group are Paul Lyons, Philadelphia Communists, 1936–1956 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1982); Robin Kelley, Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists During the Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990).

6. Michael E. Brown, "Introduction: The History of the History of US Communism," in Michael E. Brown, Randy Martin, Frank Rosengarten and George Snedeker (eds.), New Studies in the Politics and Culture of U.S. Communism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1993), 18.

Randi Storch is an assistant professor of history at SUNY, Cortland.

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