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The Tasar is one of those ‘cult classic’ two-person racing boats. While over 40 years old now, its handling and technical nature are as infamous as its sailing characteristics. The Tasar is unique in that it’s very light weight, and one of the few hiking (non-trapezing) boats that will plane upwind as well as down. There are active fleets in the Pacific Northwest, and around 700 boats in North America. Seattle and Vancouver are the centers of racing in the US, with fleets in the UK, Australia, and Japan. While the Tasar isn’t common to buy new anymore - mostly being available in fleet orders (4 boats at a time) - it’s still a boat we hold near and dear to our hearts. Hardware changes in the late 2000s saw Mylar Sails and new hardware options that upgraded the boat. The Tasar is a memorable hiking dinghy for high level racing - and it continues to age quite well over the decades.

• Fast upwind and down without a trapeze
• Storied racing history around the world
• Very lightweight - 149lb hull is still light for the size class
• Tough and durable construction means these boats last and last
• Overall length: 14'10" / 4.52 m
• Waterline Length: 14' / 4.27 m
• beam: 5' 9" / 1.75m
• Hull Depth: 2' .5" / 0.62m
• Main: 90sq.ft. / 8.36sq.m.
• Jib: 33sq.ft. / 3.07sq.m.

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Published on March 17th, 2022 | by Editor

Attention: Looking for Tasar boats

Published on March 17th, 2022 by Editor -->

For North American sailors, it is a massive opportunity when World Championship titles are held in their continent, but disruption from the pandemic continues to have its ripple effect. Case in point is the 2022 Tasar World to be held September 20-25 in Seattle, WA .

The elite of the Pacific Northwest are creatures of this class, with World titles held by local helms Anthony Boscolo, Carol Buchan, Charlie McKee, Jonathan McKee, and Jay Renehan. As Frank Sinatra sang, “If you can make it there, you’ll make it anywhere.”

But as Jonathan McKee reports, the event needs help:

Because of global supply chain issues, containers are very hard to get right now, very expensive, and without reliable delivery dates. This is proving to be a real challenge for our foreign friends, especially the Japanese and Australian Tasar sailors.

The Tasar team in Seattle is trying to find a way to provide charter boats to the foreign team, but all the boats that we know of around the northwest are already spoken for. However, we know there are lots of Tasars out there that could be fixed up and chartered to a foreign team. We just don’t know how to find them!

Consider this a ‘Call to Arms’ for all Tasar owners to contact us and make their boats available for sale or charter. The charterer would typically provide sails and blades, so we just need decent hulls and spars. We would be willing to do some driving to collect the boats.

If you own a Tasar, or know of any in your area, contact Anthony Boscolo: [email protected]

Tags: Jonathan McKee , Tasar , Tasar World Championship

Related Posts

McKees win Tasar World Championship →

Tasar Worlds go down under →

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Three titles at ORC Double Handed World Championship →

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• Sailboat Guide

Tasar is a 14 ′ 9 ″ / 4.5 m monohull sailboat designed by Bethwaite Design and Ian Bruce and built by Performance Sailcraft and Xtreme Sailing Products starting in 1974.

Rig and Sails

Auxilary power, accomodations, calculations.

The theoretical maximum speed that a displacement hull can move efficiently through the water is determined by it's waterline length and displacement. It may be unable to reach this speed if the boat is underpowered or heavily loaded, though it may exceed this speed given enough power. Read more.

Classic hull speed formula:

Hull Speed = 1.34 x √LWL

Max Speed/Length ratio = 8.26 ÷ Displacement/Length ratio .311 Hull Speed = Max Speed/Length ratio x √LWL

Sail Area / Displacement Ratio

A measure of the power of the sails relative to the weight of the boat. The higher the number, the higher the performance, but the harder the boat will be to handle. This ratio is a "non-dimensional" value that facilitates comparisons between boats of different types and sizes. Read more.

SA/D = SA ÷ (D ÷ 64) 2/3

• SA : Sail area in square feet, derived by adding the mainsail area to 100% of the foretriangle area (the lateral area above the deck between the mast and the forestay).
• D : Displacement in pounds.

Ballast / Displacement Ratio

A measure of the stability of a boat's hull that suggests how well a monohull will stand up to its sails. The ballast displacement ratio indicates how much of the weight of a boat is placed for maximum stability against capsizing and is an indicator of stiffness and resistance to capsize.

Ballast / Displacement * 100

Displacement / Length Ratio

A measure of the weight of the boat relative to it's length at the waterline. The higher a boat’s D/L ratio, the more easily it will carry a load and the more comfortable its motion will be. The lower a boat's ratio is, the less power it takes to drive the boat to its nominal hull speed or beyond. Read more.

D/L = (D ÷ 2240) ÷ (0.01 x LWL)³

• D: Displacement of the boat in pounds.
• LWL: Waterline length in feet

Comfort Ratio

This ratio assess how quickly and abruptly a boat’s hull reacts to waves in a significant seaway, these being the elements of a boat’s motion most likely to cause seasickness. Read more.

Comfort ratio = D ÷ (.65 x (.7 LWL + .3 LOA) x Beam 1.33 )

• D: Displacement of the boat in pounds
• LOA: Length overall in feet
• Beam: Width of boat at the widest point in feet

Capsize Screening Formula

This formula attempts to indicate whether a given boat might be too wide and light to readily right itself after being overturned in extreme conditions. Read more.

CSV = Beam ÷ ³√(D / 64)

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See the national for sale page .

Also check Darwin Sailing Club bar Tasar noticeboard,  NT Tasar Facebook , the  NT News  classifieds and Saturday's Marine Guide.

And boats regularly are sold on Gumtree (link opens to any current Tasars for sale on Gumtree).

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pershing 115 yacht

Pershing 115 Yachts

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Pershing 115 For Sale

Our website offers a wide selection of Pershing 115 yachts for sale.

Our website offers a wide selection of Pershing 115 Yachts for sale.

For years the flagship of the Pershing the 115 is a revered superyacht capable of astonishing performances. The yacht reaches a speed above the 40 knows zooming from Miami to the Bahamas in the blink of an eye. She is the perfect South Florida yacht to enjoy a weekend in the Bahamas!

Request the brochure of this model to get all the details you might need, including the layout for accommodations, guest areas, amenities, features and much more.

Request the full specification of this model to get all the details you might need, including accommodations, engine room, electronics, equipment and much more.

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• Pershing 115
• By Dag Pike
• Updated: October 4, 2007

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It takes something very special to impress the jilted residents of the exclusive French town of St. Tropez. Years ago we brought this depot for the rich and famous to a standstill arriving with Virgin Atlantic Challenger II, but we had just set a record across the Atlantic. Sprinting into the port with the striking new, 40-knot Pershing 115 did not quite have the same impact, but this beautiful yacht did stop onlookers in their tracks as they stood and stared.

With the 115, Pershing joins a select band of boatbuilders who are going over the 100-foot mark, taking a quantum leap from the 88-foot former flagship design. This yacht has twice the volume of anything Pershing has ever built. Moreover I was on the first hull and for a prototype design they have done a really superb job of meeting their design and perfomance goals.

Pershing boss Till Antonelli is justifiably proud of the 115. “We knew there was a market out there for a larger Pershing and I think we took a bold step in making the jump straight from 88 to 115 feet. The result is there for all to see and it is a tribute to our new factory and the people who work there, Antonelli says.

The power behind this monster is a pair of 16 cylinder MTU diesels from the 4000 range that produce 3,700 hp each. These engines are huge and they seem to stretch forever along the engine compartment. They are coupled to ZF gearboxes and then the drive goes to KaMeWa water jets in what proved to be a very smooth power train. The water jets are unique in that the inlet ducts of the jets are an integral part of the hull molding which gives a better water flow to the impellers and improves their efficiency.

The two diesels have ample space between them and you see the reason for this when you look aft and see the molding in place for a third water jet. This gives the option to install a centerline TF50 gas turbine to bring the total power up to 13,000 hp. Now you are talking real excitement, and this installation is planned for the next unit that is already under construction. Look for speeds of over 55 knots from this second yacht, speeds that are squarely situated in the Pershing performance territory.

Access to the engine compartment is via a door in the cockpit which leads first to an auxiliary room with the switchboard, watermaker and air conditioning. Forward of this are the crew’s quarters and galley. Stairs lead up from the galley directly into the saloon, close by the dining table, and there is also a dumbwaiter for larger trays. The galley is fitted with all you need for sophisticated meal preparation and the styling, even in these working areas of the yacht, is a close match to the stunning guest areas.

Back aft, the swim platform that protects the water jets is bigger than the average sportsboat. Stairs lead up on both sides to the cockpit, and between them is the garage for the Zodiac tender together with its launching crane. You don’t need to skimp on the water toys on this yacht because there is a second garage that is revealed by raising part of the forward coach roof, housing two jet skis with another launching crane.

The 115 is full of more surprises and one of them comes from opening the door on the right of the saloon entrance. Here there is a stairway winding up to a very private sun deck sitting above the pilothouse. I was trying to determine why there was no sunroof on this yacht similar to those found on other Pershings-this sun deck was the reason. There is another, more public sunpad in the cockpit together with settees and a table, but the upper area is going to be everybody’s favorite.

The sliding saloon doors make an impressive entrance and walking into the saloon takes your breath away. There is none of the rich wood panelling so often found on superyachts, but here the designers have created a beautiful and light, almost minimalistic area with only the dining chairs and the blue leather locker fronts providing color. The settees are white leather, the woodwork a very pale gray-tinted ash, and the sides and overhead a very pale cream.

Quality is enhanced by integral modern artwork above the entrance door and on two of the side window pillars. The relaxing lounge area is aft and a dining table for 10 is forward in a open plan arrangement. Forward at the helm there are three imposing adjustable seats that create what looks like an altar to high performance.

The captain sits in the center chair, which is flanked by the engine and jet controls fitted into the armrests. Here he is master of all he surveys and he really can play tunes with the sensitive machinery controls. In front of him there are seven screens that provide all the information needed for high speed navigation and control, plus sophisticated monitoring systems. The latter have been specially developed by Pershing to control and monitor everything on board except the main engines. The engines have their own MTU dedicated displays and there is a separate display for monitoring the water jet. Large Simrad radar and chart displays provide a full picture of the navigation scene.

A couple of steps down from saloon level takes you into what is virtually a private cinema. Wide lounging settees and chairs face a big flat screen that can be fed from video, DVD or cable or satellite TV. This will be a popular evening relaxing area. Another stairway takes you to the staterooms where the layout is about the only conventional thing on this yacht: a master, a VIP and two twin cabins.

These are all decorated in a similar minimalistic style but with strong colors added through the leather bed bases, the mirror trims and the bright silk bed covers. The result is both modern and restful, with the spacious master stateroom occupying the full beam and featuring an angled bed and deep side windows to give natural light. The VIP stateroom in the bow is almost semi-circular in shape and large enough to have its own settee.

The heads have the same pale gray wood and modern fittings, including hemispherical glass basins. The soles here are wood but have metal strip inserts to give good grip when wet. The extravagant quality of the master stateroom can be seen in the fitting of his-and-her heads for the use of the owners.

The interior of this yacht may be stunning but it is the exterior styling that really sets the scene. The hull has the navy blue and silver combination that was pioneered by Pershing and has since been copied by many. This color scheme complements the series of rising curves that forms the superstructure and, like so much about this design, everything looks well integrated. The practical aspects of the design have been well thought out in most areas, but you only really appreciate the true quality of this yacht out on the water at speed.

We ran the 115 from Cannes to St.Tropez, which is a well-worn path for fast motoryachts. You appreciate one of the qualities of water jet drive with the very delicate maneuvering that is possible with this big yacht. Despite her size you can inch her forward or sideways delicately close to the dock, yet she will spin like a top when you need a quick response. It takes some skill and familiarity with the controls to get to this level of control but the effort is well worthwhile.

Out at sea the response is immediate and thrilling. The thrust from the jets powers the yacht onto plane and keeps it accelerating right up to its terminal velocity. The lack of vibration is impressive, and steering control is delicate and precise when you switch from the steerable joystick controls to the wheel steering. For trim adjustment, the 115 uses the latest interceptor system rather than trim tabs and these give an immediate response that reduces the adjustment period.

On our run down to St.Tropez we had a race with the TGV high-speed train along the coast. The train won that one, but there was no doubt we were fastest on the water that day. Pershing has found just the right balance in this yacht. This design has all the style you want to impress others, both inside and out, yet this is combined with very comfortable living on board. As for performance, 40 knots will meet most requirements but if you want to outrun everything on the water then you can always invest in the gas turbine option. Then maybe, you might even beat that train.

Contact: Marine Max, (888) 71-YACHT; www.marinemax.com .

Click here to read more about Pershing.

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Pershing 115 yacht for sale

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PERSHING 115 GAS TURBINE

Part of the Pershing 115 series, this super yacht has impressive performance - triple water jet propulsion MTU  engines generating 12,500 hp give her a maximum speed of 50 knots and cruising speed of 40 knots. Traveling at 45 knots she has a range of 300 nautical miles.

She is one of the finest Pershing 115 ever built & features the 3700hp Gas Turbine on top of 2 MTU 16V4000 engines powering Kamewa Water Jets. Only 200hrs since MOH w/ 1500 total original.  

Engines hours 2323 , generators 6000.

The 35m. "REBOOT" is part of the groundbreaking Pershing 115 series that has marked the world of high-performance world in a way that very few have. Built in composite in 2004 under the name "DON'T TOUCH", this iconic yacht was the first of a very successful series of 11 yachts built in total by Pershing. Her twin MTU 16V4000 series diesel engines (total horse power of 7200) transmit through Kamewa waterjets to allow this 189 gross ton maxi-yacht speeds of up to 40 knots. Just off an extensive technical and cosmetic refit, she is ready to be experienced by the most demanding performer.

INTERESTED IN Pershing 115 "REBOOT" ?

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PERSHING - 115 Yachts for Sale

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Pershing 115 Yachts for Sale

Pershing 115 for sale, discover our yachts for sale, take five $6,850,000 | 25.55m.

$6,850,000| 25.55m 2021 PERSHING Mega Yachts

SILVER BULLET $6,984,450 | 25.55m | 7 Guests

Silver bullet.

$6,984,450| 25.55m | 7 Guests 2022 PERSHING Mega Yachts

SURVIVOR $5,955,733 | 25.55m | 8 Guests

$5,955,733| 25.55m | 8 Guests 2022 PERSHING Mega Yachts

- $6,850,000 | 24.38m

$6,850,000| 24.38m 2021 PERSHING Mega Yachts

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• April 17, 2019

Pershing has been designing, producing and marketing luxury open motor yachts for almost 30 years, becoming one of the leading brands in the Made in Italy fibreglass open yacht sector

The pershing range stands out for its superior performance, continuous stylistic development, top quality materials and painstakingly designed interiors that offer ultimate comfort. advanced construction methods, powerful engines reaching 7400 mhp and the use of surface propellers , hydrojets and gas turbines all combine to give pershing yachts a distinctively sporting trim and up to 50 knot peak speeds..

Pershing yachts are produced in the Mondolfo shipyard (located right in front of the original yard) , a futuristic site of 53,000 square metres – out of which more than 36,000 are open air – designed by the architect Sandro Sartini . This is not just a production site: this is a striking scenario, which perfectly matches beauty, technology, functionality, and dream, a space painstakingly designed for enhancing the continuous development of the range, also in terms of yacht sizes.

The new production site features a large and innovative painting booth of 4400 sq. m, where boats are dry painted. The test basin (33 m long, 7.5 m wide and 2.3 m deep) is used for all hydraulic tests (engines, exhausts, bilges, and generators) and for waterproofing tests of yachts. The travel lift, with a carrying capacity of 130 tons, completes activities with ship haulage and launching in the test basin. The brand is in constant search for new ideas and new paths for a further international growth. Pershing stands out for its capacity to customize its models according to the different needs of any new market worldwide.

The motor yacht PERSHING 115/2 is a 35 metre 115 (foot) well sized composite vessel which was newly built at Pershing (Ferretti Group) and devised by Ferretti Group Engineering Division . Sleeping 10 passengers and 4 crew members, motor yacht PERSHING 115/2 was named 115/2 .

The naval architecture office that made the design with respect to the yacht is Ferretti Group Engineering Division . Further, the interior designing was sucessful creation of Fulvio De Simoni . The Pershing 115 motor yacht combines capable sea going qualities with a very impressive cruising speed. The Pershing 115 is fitted with engines varying in size depending on the boat and they range from 3,700 hp and an impressive 42 knots cruising speed to 5,000 hp gas turbine and a seriously fast 55 knots cruising speed! The Perishing 115 combines this superior performance with comfortable conditions and sleek attractive lines.

The Range & Speeds – Main Engines On M/Y PERSHING 115

Powered by twin MTU / TEXTRON LYCOMING gas turbine engines, PERSHING 115/2 will attain a top speed of 55 knots. Coupled to the PERSHING 115/2 engines are twin water jets.

The Guest Accommodation

The good sized luxury yacht motor yacht PERSHING 115/2 can accommodate as many as 10 people and 4 crew members.

Superyacht Name: Motor Yacht PERSHING 115/2 Ex: 115/2

Built By: Pershing SpA (Ferretti Group)

Length Overall: 35.07 metres / 115 feet

Waterline Length: 28.13 (92.3 ft)

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Ferretti Group at the Palm Beach International Boat Show with six stunning boats.

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A spectacular experience of performance, design and sportiness: introducing Pershing GTX80, the second model in the GTX Range.  

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Third Pershing GTX116 unit launched.  

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We have been revolutionizing the yachting world since 1985, with no desire to imitate ourselves nor anyone else.

Copyright© 2024 Ferretti S.p.A

Ferretti S.p.A.

Tax code and VAT no. 04485970968 Registered Office Via Irma Bandiera, 62 – 47841 Cattolica (RN) Italy REA no. RN 296608 - Companies Register no. 04485970968 Share capital € 338.482.654,00 fully paid-up PEC: [email protected]

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Turn Your Curiosity Into Discovery

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40 facts about elektrostal.

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 02 Mar 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

• Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
• With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

Was this page helpful?

Our commitment to delivering trustworthy and engaging content is at the heart of what we do. Each fact on our site is contributed by real users like you, bringing a wealth of diverse insights and information. To ensure the highest standards of accuracy and reliability, our dedicated editors meticulously review each submission. This process guarantees that the facts we share are not only fascinating but also credible. Trust in our commitment to quality and authenticity as you explore and learn with us.

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Lanette Mayes. Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

cane toad case study answer key

Cane toads invade, conquer australia.

When beetles began devouring sugar cane fields in Queensland, Australia, in the 1930s, farmers got desperate.

Nasty, primitive pesticides were a last resort, so they explored other options. Tales quickly spread of a toad that loved nothing more than to dine on cane beetles. The thinking went that a few hundred cane toads which can grow as large as dinner plates and weigh up to 4.5 pounds (2 kilograms) would gobble up all the cane beetles so that farmers could get back to farming.

In 1935, two suitcases of South American cane toads made the journey from Puerto Rico where a similar scheme was successful to Hawaii and then on to Australia. Rather than hang out in the cane fields though, those original 102 toads set out across the continent and have mushroomed in number to more than 1.5 billion.

Today, toads have conquered more than 386,000 square miles (1 million square kilometers) of Australia. This is equivalent to an area slightly larger than the states of Texas and Oklahoma combined. Since their release in Queensland (in the northeast of Australia) 75 years ago, cane toads have pushed 1,506 miles (2,424 km) west to Kununurra, just inside the Western Australia border.

While biologists scratch their heads about how to corral the toads, many Australians can't hide their transparent hate of the bug-eyed creatures (a clever few entrepreneurs have made a buck or two off them with cane-toad leather purses and traveling toad shows). Town mayors encourage toad bashing, and locals deploy MacGyver-worthy contraptions to catch and kill cane toads. Roads in some towns are so spotted with toads that squishing them under car tires has become an unavoidable part of the daily commute.

The only ones that seem pleased are dogs they get addicted to licking the toads for a trippy LSD-like high until they eat one and overdose.

In the movie "Cane Toads: The Conquest," which made its New York debut last week, these scenes unfold in three dimensions. Behemoth toads leap-frog each other, fling their tongues at the audience, or just sit and stare in director Mark Lewis' follow-up to his 1988 cult-classic "Cane Toads: An Unnatural History." The documentary is an endearing and often comedic look at the invasive species .

"It's not their fault; they were brought in against their will," Lewis told OurAmazingPlanet. "They're just doing what they're good at, which is thriving and multiplying."

The Conquest

Cane toads ( Bufo marinus ) were a complete failure at killing Australia's sugar cane-ravaging beetles. Instead of controlling the pests, the toads have become pests themselves. A healthy sex drive and a concealed deadly chemical defense system have transformed them into one of the world's top 100 invasive species.

They have such a strong sex drive, in fact, that scientists have caught them mating with rocks, clumps of dirt, human feet and road kill. They mate year-round and females lay up to 30,000 eggs at a time.

Despite their aggressive mating, cane toads are lazy hunters. They hang out under street lights or mosquito zappers and lap up any insects that fall to the ground.

It's probably best that cane toads don't have to hunt since they're not physically threatening. They can get big one of the biggest ever found is about the size of a Chihuahua although they aren't very fierce. But hidden behind the bulbous lumps behind cane toads' eyes are glands that secrete toxins . Toads may look like a juicy meal to predators, but they contain enough venom to take down a large crocodile. The Australian outback is littered with animals such as kangaroos that died after swallowing a cane toad.

Rapid mating and deadly toxins helped the toads spread at a rate of about 6 miles (9.7 km) per year from the 1940s through the 1960s. Now they're taking over at a rate of about 30 miles (48 km) per year. Researchers have discovered that toads are bounding across the northern tropics of Australia faster than ever, thanks to the evolution of longer legs .

In a 2006 study, researchers found that those toads that first reached Australia's northern port city of Darwin had legs that were up to 6 percent longer than average. The study also showed that newer populations of toads tended to have longer legs than those in long-established populations.

Other prized cane toad qualities combine to create a prototypical invasive species. Toads can live partly on dry land so they aren't confined to tropical climates. Their ballooning body size stores water to prevent dehydration during treks across the outback. Toads even have a type of energy-storing fat to spark their long journeys.

The cane toad is such a good invasive species that bottling their spread may be impossible, director Lewis said.

Getting along

The cane toad conquest is obvious, but the cane toad solution is not, despite more than $20 million Australian dollars ($17 million USD) spent on toad control.

"The reality is that whatever they try doesn't work: genetic modification, picking them up, traps whatever it is, it's ineffective," Lewis said.

Pesticide spraying has been the only solution that has worked. However, once scientists discovered the pesticide they were using causes cancer in humans the spraying was banned. The toads repopulated seemingly overnight.

Desperate cities and towns have resorted to luring tourists with Whack-a-Toad safaris. Exasperated homeowners bait traps with electronic mating calls. Killing cane toads has turned into an every-man-for-themselves sport.

Cane toads are not protected by Australian wildlife regulations, but they are covered under animal-welfare laws, so any killing must be humane. Australia's Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) suggests putting the toads to sleep in a refrigerator for 12 hours, and then placing them in a freezer for 24 hours. The RSPCA's previous suggestion of putting them to sleep by smearing hemorrhoid cream on their backs never caught on.

Killing a few toads here and there is about as helpful as raking leaves from a yard, however. It will tidy things up, but the leaves will be back again next week.

Cane toad surveys show that the invasion is moving just as fast as it was before community groups and governments began toad collecting. Killing 98 of 100 toads around a pond leaves two toads that can produce 30,000 new babies the next night. Even if many of those eggs and tadpoles die, there will still be 10 times as many toads around that pond in a week, according to the Web site CaneToadsinOz.

Many Australian cities have simply thrown in the towel on the cane toad fight. After scientists discovered toads that had been breeding in Sydney, a federal government report concluded that "the eradication of cane toads is not currently possible."

"I think the scientific consensus is that we can't stop the toads from spreading, but we can do all kinds of things to reduce their densities and their impact," said biologist and cane toad expert Richard Shine of the University of Sydney.

Shine is researching new methods to do just that, such as teaching predators to leave them alone so they don't die from a toad meal. This part of Shine's research learning to live together with the toads is known as cohabitation, and it may be the only solution.

"After they've been in an area for some time, everyone gets used to everyone," Lewis said.

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Introduction of cane toads

1935: Cane toads introduced into Australia to control pest beetles in Queensland’s sugar cane crops

A cane toad in Litchfield National Park, Northern Territory. Photo: Matt Clancy

The cane toad is one of Australia’s best-known introduced pests.

Released in Queensland to help the cane industry deal with insect attacks on sugar cane roots, it has since spread all the way across to northern Western Australia.

It has no known predators, and has had a serious impact on the ecosystems of northern Australia.

Walter Froggatt, ‘The introduction of the great Mexican toad Bufo marinus into Australia’, The Australian Naturalist , vol. 9, 1936:

This great toad, immune from enemies, omnivorous in its habits, and breeding all the year round, may become as great a pest as the rabbit or cactus.

‘Modelling species distributions without using species distributions: the cane toad in Australia under current and future climates’, Ecography , vol. 31, pp. 423–434. Source: Kearney, M, Phillips, BL, Tracy, CR, Christian, KA, Betts, G & Porter, WP 2008

Sugar cane farming in Australia

The First Fleet brought sugar cane to Australia. There were repeated small-scale attempts to grow it throughout the early part of the 19th century. Some of these attempts were successful enough to encourage repeated attempts further north.

The person who is widely regarded as the father of the sugar industry, Captain Louis Hope, raised a viable crop at his property in Moreton Bay, Queensland, in 1862. He followed this success two years later by establishing a sugar mill.

From then the sugar industry grew as it followed the colonisation frontier, reaching the far north in the 1880s.

Establishing the industry was not easy. Drought, a common problem in Australian agriculture, affected crops periodically.

However, the biggest problem was the larvae of native beetles, which ate the roots of the sugar cane. These became collectively known as cane beetles, and it would take decades for scientists to determine precisely which beetles were the problem.

Lobbying by cane farmers led to the establishment in 1900 of the Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, staffed by entomologists who worked on the cane beetle problem for many years before the introduction of the toad.

Cane fields at Jungara, south of Cairns, 1935. Queensland State Archives 1226

With limited staff and budgets, Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations staff did the best they could with experiments on different chemical methods of control.

Historian Peter Griggs has speculated that scientists’ success in controlling prickly pear with biological rather than chemical means may have led to a decision by the Bureau to try the cane toad ( Bufo marinus ).

In 1932 Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations plant pathologist Arthur Bell attended a conference in Puerto Rico where he learned of and then reported on the apparent success of the American toad, Bufo marinus , in reducing populations of cane beetles.

Three years later, in June 1935, Bureau entomologist Reginald Mungomery travelled to Hawaii where the toads had been introduced from Puerto Rico. He captured a breeding sample and returned to Gordonvale near Cairns, where a special enclosure had been prepared for them.

By August, the toads had successfully reproduced in captivity and 2400 were released in the Gordonvale area. Remarkably, no studies of the potential impact on the environment had been carried out. Nor had the Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations even determined whether the toad would actually eat the cane beetles.

Walter Froggatt, a prominent entomologist, was rightly concerned that the toads would become a significant pest. He successfully prevailed on the federal Health Department to ban further releases of the toad.

However, in 1936 Prime Minister Joseph Lyons succumbed to pressure from the Queensland Government and the media to rescind the ban.

Impact of cane toads

While the cane toads thrived in the wild, they had no appreciable impact on cane beetles, which are today controlled by chemical pesticides.

The toad was first declared a problem species in 1950. The poison they exude can kill many native predators whose populations have since declined. They are also indiscriminate feeders, and out-compete native species.

Cane toads have spread well beyond Queensland into coastal New South Wales, the Northern Territory’s Top End and the Kimberley region of Western Australia. They are now moving westward at an estimated 40 to 60 km per year.

The Australian Government has stated that ‘There is unlikely to ever be a broadscale method available to control cane toads across Australia’. 1

Instead, research efforts are focused on finding methods to protect the most vulnerable native species, and on gaining a better understanding of how other species are adapting to the toad’s presence.

1 ‘The Cane Toad ( Bufo Marinus )’, Australian Government Department of the Environment Fact Sheet, 2010.

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Introducing the cane toad by Luke Keogh, Queensland Historical Atlas

The Cane Toad (Bufo Marinus), Australian Government Department of the Environment Fact Sheet, 2010

Walter Froggatt, ‘The introduction of the great Mexican toad Bufo marinus into Australia’, The Australian Naturalist , vol. 9, 1936.

The National Museum of Australia acknowledges First Australians and recognises their continuous connection to Country, community and culture.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people should be aware this website contains images, voices and names of people who have died.

Researchers conclude Indigenous knowledge is key to saving goannas from cane toads

In the remote Eastern Kimberley, James Birch Gallagher is dreading the arrival of cane toads on his country near Wyndham.

Key points:

• Cane toad researchers have found Indigenous people find more shy goannas
• Team finds shy goannas are better at learning not to eat toxic toads
• Researchers hope their findings will encourage more Indigenous collaboration

As the toxic toads march west across the Kimberley, at a pace of 50 kilometres a year, the assistant Coordinator of the Balanggarra Rangers has watched them poison every predator which unsuspectingly eats them.

"In the other areas that cane toads have already been to, they've already wiped out populations of goannas and toads, so we know when they reach us it's going to have the same sort of impact," he said.

His ranger group would be devastated to lose the area's goannas.

"They're a food source for us and there's a lot of dreamtime stories for that as well and a lot of dancing, and when we go out hunting for them it keeps us fit," he said.

"So we're trying to prepare our goannas, so when the cane toads get here, hopefully we'll still have goannas running around for our kids when they're growing up."

Mr Gallagher's group is collaborating with University of Sydney conservation biologist Georgia Ward-Fear to try to counter the devastation cane toads are causing to goanna and quoll populations.

"The Kimberley is a vast wilderness, and the last biodiversity stronghold of Northern Australia, and the cane toads are currently about half way across," Dr Ward-Fear said.

"Once the cane toad invasion comes through we see declines of 90 per cent, and in many places local extinction."

'Superior spotting skills'

For four years, Georgia Ward-Fear has been pioneering training goannas not to eat adult toads, by feeding them toadlets as a warning.

"We introduce small doses of cane toad toxin that make the animals sick but doesn't kill them, before the cane toads get there," she said.

The goannas which the rangers have been finding and feeding baby toads to are much shyer and cautious about new food than the bolder, unafraid animals that the non-Indigenous scientists have been able to catch.

"What I saw was that the Indigenous rangers had far superior spotting skills, to the scientists who were all trained herpetologists and had experience with reptiles and doing surveys themselves," Dr Ward-Fear said.

"The researchers seemed to find the ones that were out in the open, whereas we were finding the ones that were hiding in the long grass, under the cover," Mr Gallagher said.

'Once bitten, twice shy'

Dr Ward-Fear realised that it was the shy animals being found by the rangers that were learning not to eat toads.

"We believe that these animals that were shyer, were also more cautious. They learnt faster after their experience with a small toad, but they also retained that learning for longer, they were once bitten, twice shy," she said.

"Essentially, it was these lizards that drove the significant results of our study, and engagement with the Indigenous rangers turned our study from a failure to a success."

The team found that over 18 months, 56 per cent of the trained goannas survived, compared to just 3 per cent of the untrained lizards.

"Hopefully it's something that Indigenous people around the world can hold up as a case study to say this is a validation of what we bring to science, and our role in science and conservation," Dr Ward-Fear said.

The peer-reviewed research Sharper Eyes See Shyer Lizards has been published in the international journal Conservation Letters.

In their paper the team said that using Indigenous cultural knowledge for natural resource management "has been criticised as a fashionable trend, at times amounting to little more than a box-ticking exercise".

They concluded: "In contrast, our study shows direct scientific advantages to cultural diversity in research teams."

Mr Gallagher said he hopes it will encourage other scientific teams to work with Indigenous people.

"I think it's going to have a big impact everywhere, as people see that working together collaboratively can achieve great results, and really strong, powerful results."

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Home / Ecological impacts of invasive cane toads

Ecological impacts of invasive cane toads

• The invasion of cane toads through Australia kills many large predators, that are poisoned when they try to eat large, highly toxic toads.
• But most native species are not affected by toads, because they soon learn not to eat them; or else have a pre-existing tolerance to the toad’s poison.
• The decrease in numbers of large predators benefits many smaller species, which increase in numbers after cane toads arrive in an area.

Authors: Prof Rick Shine (University of Sydney)

Cane toads ( Rhinella marina ) were brought to Australia in 1935, and released in northeastern Queensland. They have since spread westwards (through Queensland, the Northern Territory, and into Western Australia) and southwards (into NSW). Concern about the toads’ impacts on wildlife spawned predictions that most native species encountering toads would be severely affected, and thus decline in abundance. Recent research is revealing a more complex picture. Toads do indeed cause precipitous population declines (of >80%) in some large-bodied predator species, due to lethal poisoning when predators attempt to eat toads. However, populations of smaller predator species are unaffected; some individuals are fatally poisoned, but most survive (because small toads contain far less toxin than large adult toads) and learn to avoid toads thereafter. Most Australian birds and rodents have inherited a tolerance of toad poison from Asian ancestors, and thus are not affected. Even for heavily impacted predators, populations might eventually recover. Simplistic predictions on the ecological impact of cane toads in Australia have not been supported by field studies – indirect impacts of toads often outweigh direct effects. For example, the abundance of native frogs appears to be unaffected by cane toads, because negative impacts (e.g. frogs being eaten by toads, poisoned by toads, competing with toads) are balanced by positive impacts (e.g. toads reducing abundance of frog-predators). Some native snake species predicted to be vulnerable to toads, have become more common since toad invasion – presumably because of the disappearance of predatory goannas. In summary, the impacts of invaders may be complex, and difficult to predict. Any disruption to one native species is likely to have indirect effects on others. Some native species are winners not losers as the toad invasion rolls across the landscape.

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We’ve cracked the cane toad genome, and that could help put the brakes on its invasion

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Rick Shine receives funding from the Australian Research Council.

Alice Russo and Peter White do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

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We and our international colleagues have deciphered the genetic code of the cane toad. The complete sequence, published today in the journal GigaScience , will help us understand how the toad can quickly evolve to adapt to new environments, how its infamous toxin works, and hopefully give us new options for halting this invader’s march across Australia.

Since its introduction into Queensland in 1935, the cane toad has spread widely and now occupies more than 1.2 million square kilometres of Australia . It is fatally poisonous to predators such as the northern quoll, freshwater crocodiles, and several species of native lizards and snakes.

Previous attempts to sequence the cane toad, by WA researchers more than 10 years ago, were not successful , largely because the existing technology could not assemble the genetic pieces to create a genome. But thanks to new methods, we have succeeded in piecing together the entire genetic sequence.

Read more: Yes, you heard right: more cane toads really can help us fight cane toads

Our team, which also featured researchers from Portugal and Brazil, worked at the Ramaciotti Centre for Genomics at UNSW. This centre played a key role in decoding the genomes of other iconic Australian species, including the koala.

Sequencing, assembling and annotating a genome (working out which genes go where) is a complicated process. The cane toad genome is similar in size to that of humans, at roughly 3 billion DNA “letters”. By using cutting-edge technology, our team sequenced more than 360 billion letters of cane toad DNA code, and then assembled these overlapping pieces to produce one of the best-quality amphibian genomes to date.

We deduced more than 90% of the cane toad’s genes using technology that can sequence very long pieces of DNA. This made the task of putting together the genome jigsaw much easier.

Toxic toads

The cane toad has iconic status in Australia, with many Aussies loving to hate the poisonous invasive amphibian. This is a little unfair. It’s not the cane toad’s fault – it was humans who chose to bring it to Australia.

Our obsession with sugar in the 1800s led to the toad’s introduction to many countries around the world. Wherever sugar cane was planted, the cane toad followed, taken from plantation to plantation by landowners as the warty interlopers travelled from South America to the Caribbean and then on to Hawaii and Australia.

But unlike most other places to which the cane toad was introduced, Australia lacks any native toads of its own. The cane toad’s powerful poisons are deadly to native species that have never before encountered this amphibian’s arsenal.

The cane toad has therefore been subject to detailed evolutionary and ecological research in Australia, revealing not only its impact but also its amazing capacity for rapid evolution. Within 83 years of its introduction, cane toads in Australia have evolved a wide range of modifications that affect their body shape, physiology and behaviour.

For example, cane toads at the invasion front are longer-legged and bolder than those in long-colonised areas and invest less into their immune defences (for a summary, see Cane Toad Wars by Rick Shine).

The new genome will give us insights into how evolution transformed a sedentary amphibian into a formidable invasion machine. And it could give us new weapons to help stop, or at least slow, this invasion.

Viral control

Current measures such as physical removal have not been successful in preventing cane toads from spreading, so fresh approaches are needed. One option may be to use a virus to help control the toad population.

Viruses such as myxomatosis have been successfully used to control rabbits . But the cane toad viruses studied so far are also infectious to native frogs. The new genome could potentially help scientists hunt for viruses that attack only toads.

In a study published this month , we and other colleagues describe how we sampled genetic sequences from cane toads from different Australian locations, and found three viruses that are genetically similar to viruses that infect frogs, reptiles and fish. These viruses could potentially be used as biocontrol agents, although only after comprehensive testing to check that they pose no danger to any other native species.

Read more: Come hither... how imitating mating males could cut cane toad numbers

The full cane toad genome will help to accelerate this kind of research, as well as research on the toads’ evolution and its interactions with the wider ecosystem. The published sequence is freely available for anyone to use in their studies. It is one of very few amphibian genomes sequenced so far, so this is also great news for amphibian biologists in general.

As the cane toads continue their march across the Australian landscape, this milestone piece of research should help us put a few more roadblocks in their path.

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• 25 August 2021

Australia’s cane toads evolved as cannibals with frightening speed

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The list of ‘deadly animals in Australia’ just got a little weirder. The cane toad, a toxic, invasive species notorious for devouring anything it can fit in its mouth — household rubbish, small rodents and even birds — has become highly cannibalistic in the 86 years since it was introduced to the continent, according to a new study. Its counterpart in South America, where cane toads originated, is far less cannibalistic.

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Nature 597 , 19-20 (2021)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02317-9

DeVore, J. L. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 118 , e2100765118 (2021).

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DeVore, J. L., Crossland, M. R., and R. Shine. Ecol. Monogr. 91 , e01426 (2020).

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February 5, 2010

How Toads Conquered the World [Slide Show]

An ancestral mutation in the direction of thriving under drier conditions than their amphibian peers has allowed toads to thrive almost everywhere

By David Biello

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Cane toads are seemingly innocuous enough. First imported to Australia to control a beetle pest of sugarcane fields, they are now frog-marching their way across the island continent , wreaking havoc on in situ flora and fauna. The key to their domination has been protection from would-be predators and an ability to breed fast. But how were cane toads gifted with those traits in the first place? A new study published February 5 in Science aims to answer that question. Biologist Ines Van Bocxlaer of Vrije University Brussels and her colleagues analyzed the kinds of traits that allow various toad species to thrive under many conditions and thereby expand their ranges: independence from constant access to water and humidity; glands that produce poison as protection from predators (which double as water storage); and an ability to lay large amounts of fast-hatching eggs in temporary waters, among others. Perhaps most surprisingly, at least in the case of toads, bigger body size is better. Unsurprisingly, the cane toad—and many of its 500 Bufonidae family brethren—shares most of these traits, including a propensity for quick adaptation and blitzkrieg-like range expansion. The toad family originated in the tropics of South America before colonizing the rest of the globe. That initial colonization was set off, according to this new analysis, by the development of this set of traits, which has subsequently allowed most conquests of new territories, such as the expansion of toads from tropical niches in India to more diverse, drier habitats. In fact, this may explain why toads that are only distantly related genetically often share so many of the same traits: Conditions cause the various species to converge back on the traits of the same ancestral range-extending type of toad. Those toads that do not share these traits, such as the harlequin, are not doing as well. Climate change is making life more difficult for specialized amphibians of all kinds, and amphibian chytrid fungus, an infection that is helping to wipe out populations around the globe, afflicts as much as 50 percent of extant amphibians. That said, the cane toad may just be living up to its genetic legacy . "The origin of this range-expansion ability," Bocxlaer wrote, "appears to be rooted deep in the evolutionary tree of toads and may be a remnant of when toads colonized the world." Slide Show: How Toads Conquered the World

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Case Study: Humanely Eradicating Invasive Cane Toads

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This is a high-end community in the heart of Naples, FL. This private HOA features multiple subdivisions surrounded by oak trees, tropical foliage, immaculate golf courses, world-class clubhouses, and gorgeous lakes and ponds.

The community supports a luxurious lifestyle, but that does not mean it is immune to ecological imbalances fueled by tourism and urban development across the region. Florida is home to many unique and delicate ecosystems, making the introduction of invasive species a devastating threat to native wildlife. In this particular community, the invasive cane toad (also referred to as the bufo toad) was causing problems.

Cane toads are native to South and Central America but have been introduced to Southern Florida in recent decades. In addition to out-competing native species, cane toads can be extremely dangerous due to a toxin they secrete from their large, triangular glands. When ingested, this toxin has been known to kill pets and, in rare cases, humans.

To combat the spread of this invasive species, many homeowners resort to physical collection and removal of adult toads – generally at night when they are more active. To protect children and pets from the dangers of exposure to cane toads, members of this community considered the same approach; however, they struggled to make a dent in the ever-growing populations. In the face of this growing threat, community management contacted SOLitude for a solution.

Scope of Work

Devise a novel method to collect and humanely dispose of cane toad tadpoles.

Project Description

Because cane toads are a relatively new problem in Southwest Florida, there are not many standardized solutions for the management of this invasive species. Therefore, SOLitude was tasked with designing a novel approach.

There are several major challenges when attempting to manage cane toads – the primary concern being the dangerous toxin that they secrete. Additionally, cane toads bear a striking resemblance to the southern toad – a native species that is extremely beneficial for the environment – so it’s important not to harm them in the process. Finally, cane toads are highly prolific breeders, producing roughly 40,000 eggs every few weeks all year round.

With these challenges in mind, the SOLitude team created an inventive trap designed to collect cane toads in the tadpole stage. Tadpoles are lured into the trap by a toxin derived from the adult toads. The critical process of toxin extraction requires full PPE and protective gear to ensure the handler is not exposed.

The traps are placed in the water every 1,000 ft of shoreline. On the first day of trapping at this site, 26 pounds of tadpoles were caught; this equates to 20-30,000 individual tadpoles. Within two days, roughly 80-90 percent control was achieved.

The client was extremely surprised and pleased with the results. As they continue to implement this service every two to three weeks, they will make a significant impact on the ecological health and balance of the property, while protecting pets, children, and wildlife.

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• Fish and Other Aquatic Vertebrates

Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758); formerly Bufo marinus ( ITIS )

Cane toad, Giant toad, Marine toad, Giant marine toad, South American cane toad, Dominican toad, spring chicken (Belize)

South America, Central America, Mexico, and extreme southern Texas ( NAS Database )

First introduced to Florida by 1936 ( NAS Database )

Originally introduced to control sugar cane pests; has also been accidentally and intentionally released by animal importers, zoos, and laboratories ( NAS Database )

Preys on and competes with native species; highly toxic to predators (including pets) ( NAS Database )

Cane toad, adult

Photo by U.S. Geological Survey

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Provides detailed collection information as well as animated map.

YouTube - The Cane or "Bufo" Toad - An Invasive Impact on Florida Pets

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This is the first of three videos in the series Cane or "Bufo" Toads - An Invasive Threat to Florida Pets .

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Selected resources.

The section below contains highly relevant resources for this species, organized by source.

Global Invasive Species Database - Rhinella marina (= Bufo marinus ) (amphibian)

IUCN . Species Survival Commission. Invasive Species Specialist Group.

Invasive Species Compendium - Rhinella marina

CAB International.

Centre for Invasive Species Solutions (Australia). FeralScan.

Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory - Bufo marinus

Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce.

Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database: Fact Sheet - Cane Toad

Provides distribution maps and collection information (State and County).

Feral Animals in Australia - Cane Toads

Australian Government. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water.

Invasive Animals: Other Invasive Animals - Cane Toad

Business Queensland (Australia).

Key New Incursions Species - Cane Toad

New South Wales Department of Primary Industries (Australia).

PestSmart Connect - Cane Toads

Centre for Invasive Species Solutions (Australia).

Priority Pest Animals - Cane Toad

Victoria Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions (Australia). Agriculture.

Invasive Cane Toads

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.

Animal Diversity Web - Rhinella marina

University of Michigan. Museum of Zoology.

EDIS Topic - Cane Toad

University of Florida. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension.

Electronic Data Information Source - publication resources

Frogs and Toads of Florida - Giant Toad

University of Florida. IFAS . Florida Wildlife Extension.

Includes call of the Giant Toad

Introduced Species Summary Project - Giant Marine Toad

Columbia University. Center for Environmental Research and Conservation.

Animal Factsheets: Cane Toad

Australian Museum.

Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Rhinella marina . [Accessed Aug 20, 2023].

Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Fact Sheet - Cane Toad . USGS , Gainesville, FL . [Accessed Apr 6, 2023].

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Wednesday, November 13, 2013

Cane toads: a history, a gross case study, and first aid tips.

• If the cane toad is in your pet’s mouth, remove it.
• Gently rinse the mouth out with a slow-hose or tap water, being careful to point the hose across (not towards the back of) the mouth – you don’t want to drown the animal.
• Use a damp cloth to wipe the mouth and gums as the toxin is very sticky.
• If your pet is exhibiting twitching, tremors or seizures, seek veterinary attention immediately.

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• v.7(19); 2017 Oct

Invasive cane toads are unique in shape but overlap in ecological niche compared to Australian native frogs

Marta vidal‐garcía.

1 Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia

J. Scott Keogh

Associated data.

Morphological data is available on Dryad ( http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.940m2 ).

Invasive species are an important issue worldwide but predicting invasiveness, and the underlying mechanisms that cause it, is difficult. There are several primary hypotheses to explain invasion success. Two main hypothesis based on niche spaces stand out as alternative, although not exclusive. The empty niche hypothesis states that invaders occupy a vacant niche space in the recipient community, and the niche competition hypothesis states that invaders overlap with native species in niche space. Studies on trait similarity/dissimilarity between the invader and native species can provide information on their niche overlap. Here, we use the highly invasive and well‐studied cane toad ( Rhinella marina ) to test these two hypotheses in Australia, and assess its degree of overlap with native species in several niche dimensions. We compare extensive morphological and environmental data of this successful invader to 235 species (97%) of native Australian frogs. Our study is the first to document the significant morphological differences between the invasive cane toad and a continent‐wide frog radiation: despite significant environmental overlap, cane toads were distinct in body size and shape from most Australian frog species, suggesting that in addition to their previously documented phenotypic plasticity and wide environmental and trophic niche breadth, their unique shape also may have contributed to their success as an invasive species in Australia. Thus, the invasive success of cane toads in Australia may be explained through them successfully colonizing an empty niche among Australian anurans. Our results support that the cane toad's distinct morphology may have played a unique role in the invasiveness of this species in Australia, which coupled with a broad environmental niche breadth, would have boosted their ability to expand their distribution across Australia. We also propose RLLR (Relative limb length ratio) as a potentially useful measure of identifying morphological niche uniqueness and a potential measure of invasiveness potential in anuran amphibians.

1. INTRODUCTION

Human‐mediated introduction of non‐native species to new habitats has occurred for thousands of years (di Castri, Hansen, & Debussche, 1990 ). Most of the time the introduction fails, but occasionally a species will establish and become invasive. The impact of these invasive alien species on native species assemblages and habitats has become a key ecological problem (Bergmans & Blom, 2001 ; Colautti & Barrett, 2013 ; Simberloff, Parker, & Windle, 2005 ), and improving our understanding of the drivers of successful invasion is paramount (Hayes & Barry, 2008 ). The attributes of invaders have received a lot of attention, in particular their behavioral and personality traits (Chapple et al., genetic variation (Tsutsui, Suarez, Holway, & Case, 2000 ; Lee, 2002 ), physiological tolerance (Zerebecki & Sorte, 2011 ), and dispersal capacity (Václavík & Meentemeyer, 2009 ). Studies on these traits, when coupled with information on ecological impact and interactions with native fauna and flora (Didham, Tylianakis, Gemmell, Rand, & Ewers, 2007 ; Shine, 2014 ; Vilà et al., 2011 ), shed insight into the mechanisms underpinning invasion success (Chapple, Simmonds, & Wong, 2012 ), which improves our ability to plan effective mitigation strategies (Kolar & Lodge, 2001 ; Van Kleunen, Dawson, Schlaepfer, Jeschke, & Fischer, 2010 ).

Community ecology theory provides a conceptual framework to assess the factors that might promote successful invasiveness based on niche opportunities (Shea & Chesson, 2002 ; Simberloff, 1995 ). Species’ niches are defined by the whole range of environmental conditions, including all their biotic and abiotic interactions with the ecosystem, within which they can thrive (Hutchinson, 1957 ). Determining the invader's niche breadth and its niche overlap with native species may be highly informative as invaders could limit the distribution of species in the native community (Ricklefs, 1987 ; Ricklefs & Miles, 1994 ). There are two main hypotheses based on niche spaces to explain how invasive species can establish: The empty niche hypothesis predicts that invasive species are more successful when they occupy a portion of available niche space that the native community does not utilize (MacDougall, Gilbert, & Levine, 2009 ; Stachowicz & Tilman, 2005 ). Under this hypothesis, the invader exhibits traits that are well suited to the ecological conditions of the new environment, but that do not overlap with native species (Azzurro et al., 2014 ). The niche competition or competitive exclusion hypothesis predicts that if two species that occur together also share the same niche, one species will be eliminated or displaced, because complete competitors cannot coexist (Bøhn, Amundsen, & Sparrow, 2008 ; Hardin, 1960 ). Invaders that are more efficient than natives at exploiting a shared resource will negatively impact native species and displace them from their original niche (Azzurro et al., 2014 ; Bøhn et al., 2008 ; Duncan & Williams, 2002 ). These two hypotheses, while strictly nonexclusive, could potentially be alternative to one another.

Discriminating between both hypotheses requires a detailed understanding of the ecology and phenotype of the invading species, as well as the available niches and the ways in which native species are adapted to fill those niches. As phenotypic traits greatly influence the environmental range of a species, their distribution in ecological space is also often correlated with distribution in morphological space (Ricklefs & Miles, 1994 ). Thus, morphological traits could be used as a proxy for a species’ ecological niche in a community, especially when those morphological traits are correlated with functional traits, such as performance capacity (Azzurro et al., 2014 ; Ricklefs & Miles, 1994 ). A number of morphological traits have been used previously in several taxa as a way to determine niche overlap among species (Gatz, 1979 ; Losos, 1990 ). As morphological plasticity broadens the range of environmental conditions under which a species could thrive, understanding the body size and shape patterns of a species and their plasticity would capture its niche breadth (Whitlock, 1996 ). In invasive species biology, a great deal of research attention is devoted to studying the ecology of invasive species in new habitats, and the impact of establishment on native species, but comparatively little attention is given to directly quantifying niche position and breadth for both invaders and natives. Here we exploit one of the best‐known biological invaders to discriminate between the two competing hypotheses of empty niche and niche competition.

The highly invasive cane toad, Rhinella marina, is native to Central and tropical South America (Zug & Zug, 1979 ), but was introduced across the globe, including Australia, and has successfully invaded more than twenty countries to date (Lever, 2001 ). The cane toad is one of the World's worst alien invasive species (Lowe, Browne, Boudjelas, & De Poorter, 2000 ) and its impact on native fauna has been studied extensively (Letnic, Webb, & Shine, 2008 ; Shine, 2010 , 2014 ; van Winkel & Lane, 2012 ). It has been particularly well studied in Australia (a continent where no other members of the Family Bufonidae naturally occur; Anstis, 2013 ), where they were introduced in 1935 as part of an unsuccessful program to control cane beetles (Freeland & Martin, 1985 ). Cane toads are among the largest anuran species in the World (with snout–vent length of up to 380 mm, but usually around 150 mm; Lever, 2001 ) and are known to be extremely morphologically plastic, especially in their limb lengths (Phillips, Brown, Webb, & Shine, 2006 ).

Here we assess the morphological niche overlap between cane toads and Australian frog species in order to discriminate between the empty niche and competitive exclusion hypotheses. Under the empty niche hypothesis, we would expect cane toads to fill a unique morphological niche not occupied by Australian native frog species. Thus, cane toads are expected to be morphologically distinct from endemic Australian species, most likely also occupying a different environmental or trophic niche than native frogs. The competitive exclusion hypothesis predicts the invaders’ morphological niche would overlap with native species’ phenotypic traits. Under this scenario, cane toads are expected to be morphologically similar to Australian frogs and would likely overlap in trophic niche and habitat use. In order to evaluate and discriminate between these hypotheses, we measured and analyzed body size and shape of the cane toad in relation to each of the Australian frog species and compared limb length ratios between cane toads and each Australian frog clade. We also compared environmental niche position and breadth between the cane toad and endemic frog clades. We discuss the morphological niche of the cane toad in the context of their environmental niche, phylogenetic constraints, behavioral adaptations, and invasiveness success in Australia.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. morphological traits.

We collected detailed morphological data for 54 adult specimens of cane toad ( Rhinella marina ), and the selected specimens spanned the full invasion history in Australia (1930s to present day; Lever, 2001 ) and the entire current distribution in order to capture the whole range of phenotypic variation. We included both males and females to test the potentially confounding effects of sexual dimorphism in the comparison with the other Australian frog species. For each specimen, we collected 34 external linear measurements to the nearest 0.1 mm with digital callipers, from which we selected 25 variables for further analyses, following established methods (Vidal‐García, Byrne, Roberts, & Keogh, 2014 ). A list of the species and specimens used in this study is provided in the supplementary materials (Appendix S1 ). All measurements were taken by the same person (MVG) to ensure consistency in the data collection. We evaluated our cane toad data against equivalent data from two of our published studies on native Australian frog species that included 127 of the 131 species of myobatrachid frogs (Vidal‐García, Byrne, Roberts, & Keogh, 2014 ) and 84 of 86 species of hylid frogs (Vidal‐García & Keogh, 2015 ), but also against data from 23 of 24 species of microhylid frogs, and the only species of ranid frog. Together these studies included comprised morphological information for 1216 specimens, 45 genera or clades (hylid clades are previously described in Vidal‐García & Keogh, 2015 ), and 97.5% of all Australian frog species. As there was no evidence of sexual dimorphism in any shape variable within the cane toads, sex was not taken into account when comparing morphological data to Australian clades (see Results).

2.2. Environmental variables

Environmental data were obtained from The Atlas of Living Australia online database (Atlas of Living Australia) using distributional data of each frog species. We assembled 12 environmental variables relevant to frogs (as per Vidal‐García & Keogh, 2015 ): Annual mean evaporation, precipitation in the warmest quarter (Bio18), temperature in the warmest period (Bio05), soil nutrient status, annual mean moisture index, topographic slope, and mean net primary productivity, precipitation in the driest quarter (Bio17) seasonality of precipitation (Bio15), seasonality of radiation (Bio23), radiation in the warmest quarter (Bio26), and moisture on the highest quarter (Bio32). Each environmental record was gathered from geographical information for each specimen record based on 10 × 10 km blocks in the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) for each species’ distribution. We also manually added all records from the Queensland Museum that currently are missing from The Atlas of Living Australia. In order to avoid a biased characterization of the environmental variables of the habitat occupied by each species, we used unduplicated 10 × 10 km UTM blocks, irrespective of the total number of specimen records in a single UTM. We assembled this information for every Australian frog species and the cane toad, resulting in 119,531 unduplicated records for each environmental variable.

2.3. Statistical analyses

We used principal components analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of the morphological data set for both the 25 raw variables. We then performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test on the following variables: SVL, the first three PC for the raw morphological PCA (PC 1raw, PC 2raw, PC 3raw), and the relative limb length ratio (RLLR: Arm length/leg length) among each of the Australian frog genera and clades. RLLR is particularly relevant because limb length has been extensively studied in cane toads (Phillips et al., 2006 ) and is known to be a good predictor of ecological niche in Australian frogs (Vidal‐García & Keogh, 2015 ; Vidal‐García, Byrne, Roberts, & Keogh, 2014 ). We also performed PCA and ANOVAs on the size‐corrected morphological data set (details on Appendix S2 ). We then performed post hoc pairwise comparisons on SVL, RLLR, and the two‐first size‐corrected PCs between each Australian clade and the cane toad using Dunnett's tests, in order to assess which clades were significantly different to the cane toad. We also calculated the SD of each variable as a measure of morphological variability within cane toads and compared them to those from each Australian frog clades with Bartlett's test and F ‐test one‐way analysis of variance in order to test for homogeneity of variances and variance differences among groups. Additionally, we performed several Kruskal–Wallis tests (nonparametric analyses of variance by ranks) within cane toads to assess whether there were any morphological differences between males and females of R. marina for all the principal component variables, snout–vent length (SVL) and RLLR.

We also used PCA to reduce the dimensionality of the environmental data set. We performed ANOVAs and post hoc pairwise comparisons using Dunnett's tests as well as for the first two environmental PCs, in order to assess which clades were significantly different to the cane toad. These analyses depicted differences in niche position between Australian frog clades and the cane toad, based on environmental values from the whole geographic distribution of each species. We also used Bartlett's test and F ‐test one‐way analysis of variance in order to test for variance differences among groups, as a proxy for environmental niche breadth differences.

2.4. Phylogenetic comparative analyses

In order to compare morphological niches among Australian frogs and cane toads in a phylogenetic context, we generated a phylogenetic hypothesis for Australian hylids, Australian microhylids, myobatrachids, Rana daemeli, and Rhinella marina , using Xenopus muelleri as an outgroup. Mitochondrial (12s and 16s) sequence data were obtained from Rosauer, Laffan, Crisp, Donnellan, and Cook ( 2009 ), CJ Hoskin et al. (in prep), JS Keogh, D Moore, PG Byrne, DJ Roberts (in prep), and Pyron ( 2014 ), in order to generate a Bayesian phylogenetic tree (Figure S1 ). Because our goal was not to infer a new phylogeny, we constrained our analyses to ensure the resultant topology did not differ from previously published phylogenetic analyses of the individual families. The phylogeny was highly consistent with Pyron's ( 2014 ) assessment of the phylogenetic history of the World's amphibians. We evaluated the magnitude of phylogenetic signal in multivariate data in the morphological and environmental variables using Blomberg's K statistic's generalization for multivariate data ( K mult ; Adams, 2014a ) with geomorph (Adams & Otárola‐Castillo, 2013 ). We performed a phylogenetic ANOVA for both univariate and multivariate data in geomorph (Adams, 2014b ), to test whether phylogeny affected morphological traits, environmental variables, and RLLR. We also performed phylogenetic regression models using this function to test the correlation between sets of traits. We then performed a phylogenetic PCA, on all morphological variables, with phytools (Revell, 2012 ). Phylogenetic ANOVAs and phylogenetic PCA were also ran on the size‐corrected data set (Appendix S2 ).

3.1. Morphological variation

The first principal component (PC 1raw) accounted for 88.76% of the total raw morphological variation across Australia's native frogs and the cane toad. As expected, PC 1 was highly correlated with snout–vent length (SVL) ( R adj 2 = 0.9458 , p  < .0001; Figure  1 a; Table S1 ). PC 2raw and PC 3raw represented 4.26% and 1.31% of shape variation, respectively. PC 2raw was most strongly correlated with the degree of toe webbing ( R adj 2 = 0.4034 , p  < .0001) and toe length ( R adj 2 = 0.216 , p  < .0001), whereas PC 3raw most strongly correlated with length of the snout (naris to snout length: R adj 2 = 0.1064 , p  < .0001; Figure  1 b). Taking phylogenetic relationships into account, first principal component of the phylogenetic PCA (PCp 1phy_r) accounted for 96.01% of the total morphological variation across all frog species. PCp 2phy_r and PCp 3phy_r represented 2.06% and 0.53% of shape variation, respectively (Figure  2 a,b). As in the non‐phylogenetic PCA, PCp 1phy_r was highly correlated with snout–vent length (SVL) ( R adj 2 = 0.9639 , p  < .0001; Table S2 ). PCp 2phy_r's variance was mostly explained by (but not correlated to) degree of toe webbing ( R adj 2 = 0.186 , p  < .0001), while PCp 3phy_r was correlated with shape of the snout (internarial length: R adj 2 = 0.34 , p  < .0001). Results for the size‐corrected and the phylogenetically size‐corrected data sets are summarized in the Appendix S2 , Tables S3 , S4 , S5 , and displayed in Figures S2 and S3 AB. Body size (SVL) was the main predictor of morphological differences between cane toads and all the Australian frog species ( F 1, 1214  = 1069, p  < .0001; Figure  1 a). The ANOVA on body size (SVL) using genera and clades as a factor was also significant ( F 45, 1170  = 152.6, p  < .0001). Post hoc comparisons of SVL between the cane toad and each clade of Australian native frog with Dunnett's test indicated that all Australian frog clades were significantly different to the cane toad (Table S5 ). ANOVA's results on raw body shape (PC 2raw and PC 3raw) also demonstrate that cane toads are different from most of the other clades ( F 45, 1170  = 244.9, p  < .0001 for PC 2raw, and F 45, 1170  = 112.1, p  < .0001 for PC 3raw; F 1, 1214  = 477, p  < .0001 for PC 2raw, and F 1, 1214  = 13.39, p  = .0003 for PC 3raw; Figure  1 b, Table S3 ).

(a) Scatterplot of PC 1 and PC 2 values of the morphological data set showing the size and shape differences among Australian frog families and the cane toad Rhinella marina . (b) Scatterplot of PC 2 and PC 3 values of the morphological data set showing the shape differences among Australian frog families and R. marina . Both males and females of R. marina are depicted separately

(a) Phylomorphospace of PC 1phy_r and PC 2phy_r values of the raw morphological data set showing the size and shape differences among Australian frog families and the bufonid Rhinella marina , using phytools (Revell, 2012 ). (b) Phylomorphospace of PC 2phy_r and PC 3phy_r values of the raw morphological data set showing the size and shape differences among Australian frog families and R. marina

There were significant differences in relative limb length ratio (RLLR) between the cane toad and almost all other Australian frog clades ( F 45, 1170  = 173, p  < .0001; F 1, 1214  = 40.05, p  < .0001; Figure  3 ), and this also was true following phylogenetic correction ( F 45, 170  = 1.658, p  = .001; F 1, 214  = 3.1927, p  = .002). There was no overlap in RLLR between the cane toad and any hylid, microhylid, or ranid species. Similarly, there was no overlap between the cane toad and most of the myobatrachid genera. Only two myobatrachid frog genera showed some degree of overlap and did not significantly differ in Dunnett's test for RLLR: Uperoleia spp. and Spicospina flammocaerulea (Table S5 ). Bartlett's test, used to test for variance differences among groups, displayed morphological niche breadth differences among different clades (Table S6 ).

Boxplot of RLLR (Relative Limb Length Ratio: Arm length/Leg length) per clade. Morphological niche breadth of Rhinella marina is displayed for overlap comparisons with Australian frog clades. Representative species depicted: (1) Austrochaperina gracilipes , (2) Rana daemeli , (3) Litoria fallax , (4) L. caerulea , (5) L. xanthomera , (6) L. dahlii , (7) Heleioporus eyrei , (8) Mixophyes carbinensis , (9) Myobatrachus gouldii , (10) Pseudophryne corroboree , and (11) Uperoleia laevigata . Whiskers are defined by 1.5 times the interquartile range ( IQR )

Morphological niche breadth was typically wider in cane toads than in native frog clades, especially in SVL, but there were no significant differences in higher variance in other variables (Table S7 ). Differences in SVL variance between cane toads and Australian clades were probably due to the way we sampled the cane toads (sampling on purpose species from different locations and capture years in order to capture their whole variation range, while the sampling was randomized for Australian frogs). Cane toads displayed sexual size dimorphism with females larger than males in both PC 1raw (Kruskal–Wallis χ 1 2 = 6.8476 , p  = .009; Figure  1 a) and SVL ( F 1, 52  = 5.326, p  = .021); however, there was no evidence of sexual dimorphism in any shape variable (PC 2raw: Kruskal–Wallis χ 1 2 = 2.4169 , p  = .12; PC 3raw: Kruskal–Wallis χ 1 2 = 0.0896 , p  = .7647; PC 1sc: Kruskal–Wallis χ 1 2 = 1.5039 , p  = .220; PC 2sc: Kruskal–Wallis χ 1 2 = 1.4106 , p  = .235; PC 3sc: Kruskal–Wallis χ 1 2 = 1.5516 , p  = .213; RLLR: F 1, 52  = 2.5385, p  = .111), so sex was not taken into account when comparing morphological data to Australian clades.

3.2. Environmental variation

In the environmental dataset, the first two principal components explained 66.53% of the overall variation. PC 1 accounted for 44% of the environmental variability, PC 2 an additional 22.53%, and PC 3 an additional 10.06% (Table S8 ). PC 1 was correlated with habitat humidity (annual mean climatic moisture index: Bio28, R adj 2 = 0.8768 , p  < .0001), while PC 2 was correlated with precipitation in the warmest quarter (Bio18, R adj 2 = 0.7455 , p  < .0001) and seasonality of radiation (Bio23, R adj 2 = 0.7151 , p  < .0001), and PC 3 was correlated with soil nutrient status. Cane toads overlapped with Australian frogs in environmental niche for both PC values and environmental variables (Figure  4 ). Bartlett's test, used in order to test for variance differences among groups, was significant for all environmental variables, displaying strong differences of environmental niche breadth among different frog clades (Table S9 ). Dunnett's tests depicted differences in niche position from some clades (Table S5 ), but they still occupied a broad region in the center of the Australian frogs’ “ecospace” obtained with the PC values (Figures  4 , S4 ). Cane toads also displayed a broad niche breadth in several environmental variables, which overlapped with most Australian clades, and was higher than observed in most Australian clades (Figure  4 ; Table S7 ).

Boxplot of Moisture Index—annual mean (Bio28) based on the environmental PC 1 and Precipitation—warmest quarter (Bio18, mm) based on PC 2, per clade. Environmental niche breadth of Rhinella marina is displayed for overlap comparisons with Australian frog clades. Whiskers are defined by 1.5 times the interquartile range ( IQR )

4. DISCUSSION

We evaluated niche overlap between the highly invasive cane toad and all native Australian frog species. We examined two important dimensions of the multidimensional niche space: morphology, and the climatic correlates of the environment, in order to discriminate between the empty niche and competitive exclusion hypotheses. Our results demonstrate that while cane toads vary significantly in body size and shape compared to all other Australian frog species, they also occupy a wide ecological niche that overlaps with most frog clades. Therefore, these results suggest that the invasive success of cane toads in Australia may be explained through them successfully colonizing an empty niche among Australian anurans.

Our morphological data strongly support that the invasive cane toads have a unique shape compared to all Australian frog species. Cane toads showed little overlap with any Australian frog species in gross adult body size (PC 1raw) or body shape (PC 2raw and PC 3raw), even considering the effects of phylogenetic correlates. Large body size previously has been suggested to play an important role in amphibian introductions (Tingley et al., 2010 ), a finding corroborated by our data. This variable was the main predictor for morphological differences with native species, suggesting body size is an important factor contributing to the invasive success of the cane toad. The American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, is another example of an extremely successful amphibian invader that reaches a large adult body size (Snow & Witmer, 2010 ). Contrastingly, other successful invasive anuran amphibians can reach smaller body sizes, such as the medium‐sized African clawed frog ( Xenopus laevis ), the small‐sized Puerto Rican Coqui frogs ( Eleutherodactylus coqui ), and Greenhouse frogs ( Eleutherodactylus planirostris ). Nevertheless, despite their smaller body size, these invaders most likely also have occupied an empty morphological niche: the African clawed frog is a strictly aquatic pipid species that is substantially morphologically different to native frog species in Europe, and some Eleutherodactylus species are highly invasive in Hawaii where no amphibian species occur natively. Furthermore, large body size would likely be an advantageous trait in frogs and toads as it would enable a more generalized diet, higher fecundity, higher mobility, and greater resistance to water loss than smaller species with similar body sizes (Tingley et al., 2010 ).

Cane toads’ morphology was distinct even after accounting for phylogenetic effects, providing further support for the empty niche hypothesis in an evolutionary context. There was very little morphological niche overlap between cane toads and all the native frog clades in relative limb length ratio (RLLR). This is a good measure of morphological niche position in anuran amphibians, as relative limb proportions are generally highly correlated with the use of structural habitat and locomotive correlates (Enriquez‐Urzelai, Montori, Llorente, & Kaliontzopoulou, 2015 ; Vidal‐García & Keogh, 2015 ). Many hylid species occur throughout the cane toads’ current (and potential) distribution (Anstis, 2013 ; Kearney et al., 2008 ), and numerous co‐occurring frog species are also ground‐dwelling. Nevertheless, only two genera from the myobatrachid frog radiation had similar RLLR to the cane toad: The sunset frog ( Spicospina sp.) and toadlets ( Uperoleia spp.). The sunset frog does not overlap with the cane toad in distribution or habitat (Edwards & Roberts, 2011 ). In contrast, the species‐rich clade of toadlets ( Uperoleia spp.) comprises many species that overlap in distribution and ecotype with the cane toad (Anstis, 2013 ). However, they occupy different microhabitats, and their ecological niche positions are significantly different, probably due to the extreme size difference between adult individual toadlets and cane toads (Anstis, 2013 ). On the other hand, the Australian hylid frogs of the genus Cyclorana have been compared to cane toads due to their ground‐dwelling use of similar structural habitat, their large body sizes, and their diet overlap (Greenlees, Brown, Webb, Phillips, & Shine, 2007 ), but their contrasting limb morphology may partly explain the lack of competition between these species (Greenlees et al., 2007 ).

The myobatrachid Neobatrachus clade displays relatively similar RLLR and the distributions of most Neobatrachus species overlap to some degree with the cane toad, however, their behavior and habitat use differs greatly. Neobatrachus spp. are backward burrowers that inhabit a wide range of arid regions, spending most of the time buried and emerging just after heavy rains and flooding (Anstis, 2013 ). There are no known declines for any species of Neobatrachus whose distribution overlaps with that of the cane toad, suggesting the cane toad invasion is having little effect on their realized niche. Differences in niche dimensions between cane toads and morphologically similar native species could lead to different abiotic and biotic interactions, explaining the lack of competition between co‐occurring species from the same ground‐dwelling ecotype. Our finding of strong morphological differentiation between invaders and native species agrees with invasion success, supporting the hypothesis of the empty niche over competitive exclusion, and suggests that successful invasive species display traits that are different from native species (Azzurro et al., 2014 ; Daehler, 2003 ; MacDougall et al., 2009 ).

Besides strong morphological differences with native species, we also found variability within cane toads, especially in size of both males and females. Cane toad populations from their native range also reflect this morphological variability, potentially reflecting differential local adaptation (Hudson, McCurry, Lundgren, McHenry, & Shine, 2016 ). Recent meta‐analyses in several species of plants, invertebrates, and mammals show that invasiveness success is correlated with trait variability, especially in functionally important morphological traits (Forsman, Wennersten, Karlsson, & Caesar, 2012 ; González‐Suárez, Bacher, & Jeschke, 2015 ). Phenotypic plasticity of an invader, coupled with variation of selected traits over time, could lead to niche shifts in one or more dimensions of niche space. This is noticeable in cane toads from the Australian invasion front line, as these individuals have longer hindlimbs than in other populations (Phillips et al., 2006 ), enabling them to travel much faster and further than other amphibians in the World (Brown, Phillips, & Shine, 2014 ; Phillips, Brown, & Shine, 2010 ).

While certain morphological traits can be used to infer the ecological range and habitat use for a given phenotype (Ricklefs & Miles, 1994 ), some body shapes might work well in multiple environments. The morphological niche position of cane toads differed from native clades, but their environmental and climatic niche breadth overlapped with most Australian frogs, due to their widespread distribution across Australia (Kearney et al., 2008 ). Thus, cane toads occupy a unique portion of the multidimensional niche space in Australia. A broader ecological niche breadth could reflect higher tolerance of climatic and environmental variation through physiological adaptations that are beneficial in Australia's arid biomes and increasing aridity levels in several areas (Jessop, Letnic, Webb, & Dempster, 2013 ), thus allowing them to dramatically expand their invasive range in Australia. As such, being able to thrive in a wide range of hostile environments could lead to ecological release, enhancing their invasiveness success (Cadotte, Mcmahon, & Fukami, 2006 ). Given invasive species could potentially make use of disturbed environments as well as new niches created by anthropogenic changes (Shea & Chesson, 2002 ), Australian native frog species may be more vulnerable in areas where their preferred microhabitat is not available (Richter‐Boix et al., 2012 ; San Sebastián, Pujol‐Buxó, Garriga, Richter‐Boix, & Llorente, 2015 ).

Other factors not related to morphological and environmental niche also might affect the invasiveness potential of the cane toad. For example, successful invaders often are omnivorous, display rapid growth and dispersal, or breed in ephemeral habitats (Cadotte et al., 2006 ; Ricciardi & Rasmussen, 2011 ). Cane toads possess all these characteristics, and exhibit a generalist strategy in their trophic niche, which is reflected in the wide environmental and climatic niche breadth. A wide trophic niche breadth, partially due to their large adult body size, would allow cane toads to exploit a wide range of resources, competing with more specialist frogs and potentially displacing them toward different trophic niches (Richter‐Boix et al., 2012 ; San Sebastián et al., 2015 ). However, ecological interactions between cane toads and native frog species might be even more complex, due to multiple stages in their life cycle. Physiological, ecological, and behavioral similarities between invasive and native frog tadpoles, as well as a potential breeding overlap with some Australian species, would increase their interactions in both egg and tadpole stages (Crossland et al. 2009 ; Crossland and Shine 2010 ).

In addition, differences in morphological traits between juveniles and adults of the invasive cane toad due to ontogenetic allometry could lead to similar morphological niches in juvenile cane toad and adult or juvenile specimens of some Australian species. Thus, this life cycle complexity could result in a niche overlap between cane toad and Australian frogs across different life cycle stages, negatively impacting native species. Furthermore, a lack of natural predators in the invaded areas (Letnic et al., 2008 ; Shine, 2010 ), coupled with a fitness advantage (MacDougall et al., 2009 ) and their lethal toxicity (Letnic et al., 2008 ), could dramatically favor invasiveness of the cane toad. In addition, the cane toad is the only member of the bufonid family in Australia and is thus very distantly related to native Australian species. Invasive species that are phylogenetically distant from endemic species will be more successful, due to greater niche differentiation and decreased predation (MacDougall et al., 2009 ; Strauss, Webb, & Salamin, 2006 ). Thus, due to this taxonomic discordance, Australia might offer lower resistance to alien invasive species than continental regions, by providing the opportunity to invaders to fill an empty niche (Le Breton, Jourdan, Chazeau, Orivel, & Dejean, 2005 ; Shea & Chesson, 2002 ; Simberloff, 1995 ).

Our study is the first to document the significant morphological differences between the invasive cane toad and a continent‐wide frog radiation, supporting the hypothesis that they occupy an empty morphological niche not filled by the native Australian amphibian community. We also propose RLLR (Relative limb length ratio) as a good morphological functional trait in anurans, as it captures information on usage of the structural habitat and locomotive correlates (Vidal‐García & Keogh, 2015 ; Vidal‐García, Byrne, Roberts, & Keogh, 2014 ). Cane toad environmental niche breadth is wide, leading to an overlap with most Australian frog clades. Coupled with morphological variation observed within cane toads, as well as behavioral adaptations, this may contribute to invasiveness success. Future research could compare the morphological niche of native species and cane toads in different temporal and spatial populations across Australia, in order to determine whether the morphological niche of cane toads is shifting toward an overlap with native species, which could dramatically impact Australian frog species.

AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTIONS

MVG and SK conceived the study. MVG collected and analyzed the data, and drafted the initial version of the manuscript. Both contributed critically to the drafts and gave final approval for publication.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None declared.

DATA ACCESSIBILITY

Supporting information, acknowledgments.

We thank R. Sadlier (AM), C. Beatson (AM), M. Hutchinson (SAM), C. Kovach (SAM), P. Doughty (WAM), C. Stevenson (WAM), P. Cooper (QM), A. Amey (QM), J. Melville (MV), J. Sumner (MV), G. Dally (MAGNT), and B. Bauer (TM) for access to the specimens. We thank M. Pepper for constructing the phylogenetic tree. We are indebted to S. Zozaya, J. de Jong, G. Webster, and D. Hunter for the frog pictures in Figure  3 . We would also like to thank M. Pepper, D. Starrs, M. Muñoz, and W. Feeney for their helpful comments on this manuscript. JSK thanks the Australian Research Council for ongoing support.

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It will tidy things up, but the leaves will be back again next week. Cane toad surveys show that the invasion is moving just as fast as it was before community groups and governments began toad ...

This is a good example of a complicated predator-prey system in non-native situations. These questions will help you study for the next test. When were cane toads introduced to Australia? 1935 Why were cane toads introduced to Australia? to control destructive beetles in Queensland's sugarcane crops.

cane toads introduced species case study cane toads in australia case study neve joseland the environmental, social and economic impacts of cane toads as an. Skip to document. University; High School. Books; ... Figure 7: Dichotomous key to distinguish cane toads from native frogs.

1935: Cane toads introduced into Australia to control pest beetles in Queensland's sugar cane crops. See our classroom resource. A cane toad in Litchfield National Park, Northern Territory. The cane toad is one of Australia's best-known introduced pests. Released in Queensland to help the cane industry deal with insect attacks on sugar cane ...

Cane toads can breed year round and lay 8,000-30,000 eggs at a time (sometimes twice a year). Australia's native frogs only lay 1,000-2,000 eggs per year, so cannot compete in numbers with the Cane toads' reproduction. Another big issue with the Cane toad is that it is poisonous in all life stages. Adults have

Researchers conclude Indigenous knowledge is key to saving goannas from cane toads. The Balanggarra Rangers were a crucial addition to Georgia Ward-Fear's study. (Supplied: Melissa Bruton) In the ...

Northern quolls and Cane toads Open the spreadsheet Case Study 02 Quolls & Toads. In 1935, the highly toxic cane toad was introduced to Australia to aid with pest control of scarab beetles. The beetles were wreaking havoc on the sugarcane crops. This decision led to an unforeseen and devastating effect on Australia's wildlife due to animals.

1. The invasion of cane toads through Australia kills many large predators, that are poisoned when they try to eat large, highly toxic toads. 2. But most native species are not affected by toads, because they soon learn not to eat them; or else have a pre-existing tolerance to the toad's poison. 3. The decrease in numbers of large predators benefits many smaller species, which increase in ...

The cane toad genome is similar in size to that of humans, at roughly 3 billion DNA "letters". By using cutting-edge technology, our team sequenced more than 360 billion letters of cane toad ...

The cane toad, whose skin is toxic, has devastated the populations of some animals in Australia, where it is an invasive species. Credit: Ian Waldie/Getty The list of 'deadly animals in ...

Cane toads are seemingly innocuous enough. ... A new study published February 5 in Science aims to answer that question. ... among others. Perhaps most surprisingly, at least in the case of toads ...

The spread of cane toads ( Rhinella marina: Bufonidae) has been devastating for native fauna in tropical Australia, but the toads' impact remains unstudied in temperate‐zone Australia. We surveyed habitat characteristics and fauna in campgrounds along the central eastern coast of Australia, in eight sites that have been colonized by cane ...

The community is eager for accurate information about cane toads. The media played a key role in shaping the perception of the cane toad threat. ... Qualitative research is designed to answer why/how questions to provide rich data in ... Cane toad dispersal since 1935 and case study sites in northern Australia .

View 1._Cane_Toads_Case_Study_Questions.docx from SCIENCE AP at Hermitage High, Richmond. Name: _ Date: _ Period: _ Cane Toads: An Unnatural History 1. ... Read the prompt below and answer in the spaces provided. Use your notes from the video. ... I am trying to create a hash table of key-value pairs where the key determines the location of the ...

When ingested, this toxin has been known to kill pets and, in rare cases, humans. To combat the spread of this invasive species, many homeowners resort to physical collection and removal of adult toads - generally at night when they are more active. To protect children and pets from the dangers of exposure to cane toads, members of this ...

Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Rhinella marina. [Accessed Aug 20, 2023]. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Fact Sheet - Cane Toad. USGS, Gainesville, FL. [Accessed Apr 6, 2023]. Species Profile: Cane Toad. Preys on and competes with native species; highly toxic to predators (including pets) (NAS Database)

Fast forward to the 20th century, where scientists were debating the merits of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, as a means of controlling the scarab beetle. Remember, this is in the pre-pesticide era. Biological control was all the rage. A scientist named Raquel Dexter collected 301 cane toads and dissected them, analysing their stomach contents.

The warty amphibians come in a range of colors. They may be olive-brown, reddish-brown, grayish-brown with pale-yellow or beige-colored bellies and dark mottling. The adult cane toads are 15cm long on average (range from 6inches to 9inches in length). Female cane toads are even more giant than male cane toads; the largest female measured was 24 cm long.

The cane toad (Bufo marinus) was introduced to Queensland in 1935 in an attempt to control beetle pests of sugar cane. Since its introduction, the cane toad has proved to be a highly invasive pest and is still spreading across northern and eastern Australia. The potential distribution of the cane toad is shown in the figure below

The study used advanced computers to sequence 360 billion DNA pairs and construct the "genome jigsaw". More than 90% of the cane toad's genes were found, they said. ... Key takeaways from Super ...

The cane toad (Rhinella marina), also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad native to South and mainland Central America, but which has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania and the Caribbean, as well as Northern Australia.It is a member of the genus Rhinella, which includes many true toad species found throughout Central and ...

Our study is the first to document the significant morphological differences between the invasive cane toad and a continent‐wide frog radiation: despite significant environmental overlap, cane toads were distinct in body size and shape from most Australian frog species, suggesting that in addition to their previously documented phenotypic ...

Cane toad venom is a mix of toxins that primarily affects the functioning of the heart. It is present throughout their bodies and is secreted as a milky liquid from the parotoid glands located over the toad's shoulders. Envenomation is painful, but rarely deadly to humans, although some people have died from eating cane toads and even their eggs.

eastward ho sailboat for sale

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Designed by Eldredge-McInnis and built by Portsmouth Yacht Co., the Eastward Ho is a compact yet roomy sloop designed for family cruising in comfort. She is a proven design which combines traditional elegance with practical accommodations. Nothing has been overlooked to satisfy both the sailor and the cruising enthusiast. Her generous headroom, two berths, full galley, and enclosed head are unique on a boat of this size. Her spacious cockpit affords seats long enough for an afternoon nap or additional overnight guests. Sailing or under power she is lively and responsive with a motion reminiscent of a much larger boat. Her ample beam and sufficient ballast make her very stiff without sacrificing valuable draft.

Attabuoy  is in need of general cleaning inside and out and some cosmetic work. The keel will need some minor fiberglass work. The sails are like new. The engine turns over, but has not been operated for a number of years. Take a look and you will fall in love!

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eastward ho 24 for sale

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1976 CE Ryder Eastward Ho 24 sailboat for sale in Connecticut

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1976 PORTSMOUTH Eastward Ho

Neptune, New Jersey

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1976 PORTSMOUTH Eastward Ho All of the prep work has been done and she's just about ready for paint. This is a great opportunity for someone looking to customize an Eastward Ho their way and do it cheap!   Seller has all parts to complete this project. Also available separately is the completely rebuilt 14HP Volvo MD7A Diesel engine, ready to be placed in the boat.  Top to Bottom rebuild was performed by world renowned Monmouth Marine Engines of Brielle NJ. $3000 Invested.

Belmar, New Jersey

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• Sailboat Guide

Eastward HO 24

Eastward HO 24 is a 23 ′ 7 ″ / 7.2 m monohull sailboat designed by Walter McInnis and built by C. E. Ryder starting in 1975.

Rig and Sails

Auxilary power, accomodations, calculations.

The theoretical maximum speed that a displacement hull can move efficiently through the water is determined by it's waterline length and displacement. It may be unable to reach this speed if the boat is underpowered or heavily loaded, though it may exceed this speed given enough power. Read more.

Classic hull speed formula:

Hull Speed = 1.34 x √LWL

Max Speed/Length ratio = 8.26 ÷ Displacement/Length ratio .311 Hull Speed = Max Speed/Length ratio x √LWL

Sail Area / Displacement Ratio

A measure of the power of the sails relative to the weight of the boat. The higher the number, the higher the performance, but the harder the boat will be to handle. This ratio is a "non-dimensional" value that facilitates comparisons between boats of different types and sizes. Read more.

SA/D = SA ÷ (D ÷ 64) 2/3

• SA : Sail area in square feet, derived by adding the mainsail area to 100% of the foretriangle area (the lateral area above the deck between the mast and the forestay).
• D : Displacement in pounds.

Ballast / Displacement Ratio

A measure of the stability of a boat's hull that suggests how well a monohull will stand up to its sails. The ballast displacement ratio indicates how much of the weight of a boat is placed for maximum stability against capsizing and is an indicator of stiffness and resistance to capsize.

Ballast / Displacement * 100

Displacement / Length Ratio

A measure of the weight of the boat relative to it's length at the waterline. The higher a boat’s D/L ratio, the more easily it will carry a load and the more comfortable its motion will be. The lower a boat's ratio is, the less power it takes to drive the boat to its nominal hull speed or beyond. Read more.

D/L = (D ÷ 2240) ÷ (0.01 x LWL)³

• D: Displacement of the boat in pounds.
• LWL: Waterline length in feet

Comfort Ratio

This ratio assess how quickly and abruptly a boat’s hull reacts to waves in a significant seaway, these being the elements of a boat’s motion most likely to cause seasickness. Read more.

Comfort ratio = D ÷ (.65 x (.7 LWL + .3 LOA) x Beam 1.33 )

• D: Displacement of the boat in pounds
• LOA: Length overall in feet
• Beam: Width of boat at the widest point in feet

Capsize Screening Formula

This formula attempts to indicate whether a given boat might be too wide and light to readily right itself after being overturned in extreme conditions. Read more.

CSV = Beam ÷ ³√(D / 64)

Originally designed for wood contruction. The hulls of the later, FG version were built by CE Ryder (USA) and finished by Portsmouth Yacht Co. Diesel power was available as an option.

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Eastward ho 24 preowned sailboats for sale by owner. Eastward ho 24 used sailboats for sale by owner.

Both salon settees turn into two twin beds so can sleep 4 adults. YEAR: 1977 MAKE: Portsmouth Yacht Co MODEL: Eastward Ho CLASS: Sloop, Pocket Cruiser LENGTH: 26' (24' with 2' boomkin) HULL MATERIAL: FIberglass reinforced plastic FUEL TYPE: Diesel. AIR CONDITIONING: Drop in Cruise Air. ALL PHOTOS ARE RECENT.

1978. 31'. 10'. 4.2'. Florida. $12,900. Description: Airyella is a classic New England style sloop - has incredible character, is very distinctive, and is a pleasure to sail. She is perfect for anyone looking for a boat that will sail, and anchor overnight with 1-5 people, comfortably in the bay and the Keys and beyond, at a fantastic price.

1976. 24'. 9'. 4'. Connecticut. $12,000. Description: Built by CE Ryder (USA) and finished by Portsmouth Yacht Co., Rhode Island, USA, this stout pocket cruiser is a solid full-keel sailing vessel. Omoo has had a lot of updates including new diesel engine (Kubota Beta marine), rebuilt gearbox (2021), new standing and running rigging (2020), new ...

Broker: Designed by Eldredge-McInnis and built by Portsmouth Yacht Co., the Eastward Ho is a compact yet roomy sloop designed for family cruising in comfort. She is a proven design which combines traditional elegance with practical accommodations. Nothing has been overlooked to satisfy both the sailor and the cruising enthusiast.

A boat with a BN of 1.6 or greater is a boat that will be reefed often in offshore cruising. Derek Harvey, "Multihulls for Cruising and Racing", International Marine, Camden, Maine, 1991, states that a BN of 1 is generally accepted as the dividing line between so-called slow and fast multihulls.

Model McInnis. Category Sailboats. Length 31'. Posted Over 1 Month. 1985 #1 Hull McInnis,31 ft., 4.5ft. draft, McInnis Cutter rig Eastward Ho series. 28hp Yanmar diesel, All hardwood Interior, Complete custom finished, In bristol condition. Completely blue water equipt.Leave Message at 772/283-0853. $40000.

Go to Sailing Texas classifieds for current sailboats for sale . Eastward HO 24, 1977 LOA 25'5" LWL 20' Beam 8'8" Draft 3'10" SA 283 sq ft Ballast 3,600 Displacement 7,000 Keel Full Designed by Thomas F. Eldredge/Walter J. Mcinnis and built by the Portsmouth Boat Company (UK).

Used 1978 Eastward Ho 31 for sale is located in Bienville National Forest (Mississippi, United States of America). This vessel was designed and built by the Eastward shipyard in 1978. Key features 1978 Eastward Ho 31: length 9.45 meters. engine: fuel type - diesel. 1978 Eastward Ho 31 refers to classes: sailing yachts , sailboats and sailing ...

Seller's Description. Portsmouth Eastward Ho 24, 1978 sailboat for sale I am selling my 1978 Portsmouth Eastward Ho 24 for $12,500. The boat is in Alamitos Bay (Seal Beach, CA / Long Beach, CA) where the buyer may assume the slip at $320 a month. Very nice location, across the street from the new 2nd and PCH outdoor mall.

Go to Sailing Texas classifieds for current sailboats for sale Eastward Ho, 24 ft., 1975 No. 55, 1975. Highly regarded Eldridge/McGinnis cruising design- Full keel, 4 ft. draft. ... The lower a boat's ratio is, the less power it takes to drive the boat to its nominal hull speed or beyond. Read more. Formula. D/L = (D ÷ 2240) ÷ (0.01 x LWL)³ ...

Seller's Description. 1980 Portsmouth Yacht Co Eastward Ho 31. She is a classic designed in 1959, built in 1980. Similar to the Sea Sprite 33 that Robin Graham sailed around the world. Custom interior Volvo Penta MD2B 25hp Nice thick teak toe rail Electric Windlass Auto Helm Updated hardware above deck Updated rigging Bimini, dodger frames ...

Search eastward ho 24 prices - more than 1 listings - Built by CE Ryder (USA) and finished by Portsmouth Yacht Co., Rhode Island, USA, this stout pocket cruiser is a solid full-keel sailing vessel. ... 1976 CE Ryder Eastward Ho 24 sailboat for sale in Connecticut. Ce Ryder eastward ho 24 . Built by CE Ryder (USA) and finished by Portsmouth ...

Boat Trader currently has 3 Eastward boats for sale, including 1 new vessels and 2 used boats listed by both private sellers and professional yacht brokers and boat dealerships mainly in United States. The oldest model listed is a contemporary boat built in 2018 and the newest model year of 2021.

Join Date: Aug 2018. Posts: 3. Eastward Ho 31 Sailboat. Cutter Rig. Eldredge McInnis design, built in RI by C. Ryder Yachts. Roller furling jib. Jib boom & roller for twin furlers. Re-built Volvo Penta 30hp with spare engine & transmission. Bimini & dodger.

35.5' Endeavour E35 Presently on the hard for winter storage at Morgans Marina, New Jersey Asking $35,000

2015 Malibu Wakesetter 22 VLX. Battle Creek, MI. $40,000. 2008 Hydra-Sports 2200 CC. Sarasota, FL. $26,500. 2 new and used Portsmouth Eastward Ho boats for sale at smartmarineguide.com.

First S-400 bltn, Elektrostal, Moscow.

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Advertisement. Eastward HO 24 is a 23′ 7″ / 7.2 m monohull sailboat designed by Walter McInnis and built by C. E. Ryder starting in 1975.